Risk and Protective Factors for COVID-19 Morbidity, Severity, and Mortality.

IF 8.4 2区 医学 Q1 ALLERGY Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Pub Date : 2023-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-01-19 DOI:10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5
Jin-Jin Zhang, Xiang Dong, Guang-Hui Liu, Ya-Dong Gao
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Abstract

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become an evolving global health crisis. Currently, a number of risk factors have been identified to have a potential impact on increasing the morbidity of COVID-19 in adults, including old age, male sex, pre-existing comorbidities, and racial/ethnic disparities. In addition to these factors, changes in laboratory indices and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as possible complications, could indicate the progression of COVID-19 into a severe and critical stage. Children predominantly suffer from mild illnesses due to COVID-19. Similar to adults, the main risk factors in pediatric patients include age and pre-existing comorbidities. In contrast, supplementation with a healthy diet and sufficient nutrition, COVID-19 vaccination, and atopic conditions may act as protective factors against the infection of SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccination not only protects vulnerable individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection, more importantly, it may also reduce the development of severe disease and death due to COVID-19. Currently used therapies for COVID-19 are off-label and empiric, and their impacts on the severity and mortality of COVID-19 are still unclear. The interaction between asthma and COVID-19 may be bidirectional and needs to be clarified in more studies. In this review, we highlight the clinical evidence supporting the rationale for the risk and protective factors for the morbidity, severity, and mortality of COVID-19.

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COVID-19 发病率、严重程度和死亡率的风险和保护因素。
由新型严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)引起的 2019 年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的爆发已成为一场不断演变的全球健康危机。目前,已发现一些风险因素可能会增加 COVID-19 在成人中的发病率,其中包括老年、男性、原有合并症以及种族/民族差异。除这些因素外,实验室指标和促炎细胞因子的变化以及可能出现的并发症都可能预示着 COVID-19 已发展到严重和危急阶段。儿童主要因 COVID-19 而患轻微疾病。与成人类似,儿童患者的主要风险因素包括年龄和原有的合并症。相比之下,补充健康饮食和充足营养、接种 COVID-19 疫苗和特应性体质可作为预防感染 SARS-CoV-2 的保护因素。接种 COVID-19 疫苗不仅能保护易感人群免受 SARS-CoV-2 感染,更重要的是,它还能减少因 COVID-19 导致的严重疾病和死亡。目前用于治疗 COVID-19 的疗法都是非标签疗法和经验疗法,它们对 COVID-19 的严重程度和死亡率的影响尚不清楚。哮喘与 COVID-19 之间的相互作用可能是双向的,需要通过更多的研究来阐明。在本综述中,我们重点介绍了支持 COVID-19 发病率、严重程度和死亡率的风险和保护因素理论依据的临床证据。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
22.30
自引率
1.10%
发文量
58
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology is a scholarly journal that focuses on the advancement of clinical management in allergic and immunologic diseases. The journal publishes both scholarly reviews and experimental papers that address the current state of managing these diseases, placing new data into perspective. Each issue of the journal is dedicated to a specific theme of critical importance to allergists and immunologists, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter for a wide readership. The journal is particularly helpful in explaining how novel data impacts clinical management, along with advancements such as standardized protocols for allergy skin testing and challenge procedures, as well as improved understanding of cell biology. Ultimately, the journal aims to contribute to the improvement of care and management for patients with immune-mediated diseases.
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