Reader beware

Abstract

Understanding information is complex as it depends on the source and reliability of the initial data and the way information is presented, as well as our own ability to make the correct interpretation. Each aspect of an information chain can lead to failure, including when the presenter does not correctly understand, or is deliberately trying to mislead, and from errors because the audience lacks the expertise of the source. Statistics and political examples of information errors are common, not least as many will have no ability or familiarity with graphical or mathematical steps involved in the process. Several types of presentation are included, where we are likely to draw totally opposite conclusions from the same information, or the aim was intentionally to mislead. The topic is relevant in daily life, from politics and health, as well as more complex issues such as wealth statistics, climate change or control of pandemics.