Causal Viscous Universe in Sáez-Ballester Theory

Abstract

In this work, the authors examine the dynamics of viscous Universe in the Sáez–Ballester theory of gravity. The solutions of the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker field equations have been derived within the framework of full causal theories presented by Israel and Stewart using simple parametrization of scale factor a( t), i.e., power law relation a( t) = a 0 t α and exponential law a( t) = b 0 e β t . The power law cosmological model shows that the Universe transitioned from early cosmic deceleration to the present cosmic acceleration, and the exponential cosmological model shows the accelerated expansion of the Universe. It has been discovered that as time passes, energy density and viscosity decrease while temperature rises. Energy conditions are also investigated in which the strong energy condition is violated. The behaviour of the cosmological parameters such as the Hubble parameter, energy density, pressure, coefficient of viscosity, and state-finder parameter has been presented graphically.