Assessing Pancytopenia in Leukemia Patients through flow Cytometry and ELISA to Evaluate the Complete Blood Counts and Cluster of Differentiation Markers

Abstract

To diagnose cases involving pancytopenia or leukopenia, a comprehensive assessment of various factors is necessary, including blood count, peripheral blood, and bone marrow analysis, immunophenotyping, and cytogenetics. This study aims to examine the complete blood count parameters and CD markers in Sudanese patients with leukemia and pancytopenia, utilizing flow cytometry and ELISA techniques. This study is a laboratory-based addressing the assessment of the target population (acute Leukaemia with pancytopenia) by complete blood count, flow cytometry, and ELISA techniques. The research group was comprised of patients who were diagnosed with acute leukemia and had pancytopenia before undergoing treatment. Another group of patients with acute leukemia but without pancytopenia was also included. In addition, there was a control group consisting of healthy individuals who volunteered for the study. Essentially, the control group was made up of healthy individuals who were not affected by acute leukemia or pancytopenia. In our study, we enrolled a total of 150 participants, comprising three groups: 50 cases of acute leukemia, 50 patients with acute leukemia who subsequently developed pancytopenia, and 50 healthy volunteers. The majority of participants were female, constituting 56% of the sample (84 individuals), while the most prevalent age group represented was individuals aged 65, accounting for 43.3% of the participants. Our analysis revealed a statistically significant correlation between age and both leukemia and leukemia with pancytopenia, with a p-value of 0.00. Furthermore, the presence of either AML or ALL also exhibited a substantial association with the disease, indicated by a p-value of 0.00. Specifically, the use of a flow cytometer allowed us to identify the presence of CD3 with a p-value of 0.00 and CD4 with a slightly higher p-value of 0.04. Improvement of patient management by introducing effective tools for predicting prognosis is the key to success in managing diseases. We recommend that flowcytometry be used routinely to diagnose leukemia and leukemia with cytopenia in patients at all stages of the disease.