Economic and political causes for transformations of social policy in the 20th century

V. Podolskiy
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Abstract

The paper analyses dynamics of social policy in the 20th century in Germany, Britain, France, Spain, Russia, the USA and China as the largest states, where the largest changes in the field of social security took place. The existing approaches to the typology of social states are considered. The article studies reasons for the formation, changes and organisation of the social security systems, the mutual influence of the different states in the field of social policy. The article presents an assessment of the problems faced by social states, evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of different models of social policy, and overview of changes in models in different countries. Economic and political factors influencing decision-making in the field of social policy, as well as the consequences of social reforms, are analyzed. Analysis of the causes of transformations in social policy is carried out through the study of institutions, regulations, and statistical data. The organization, regulation and modernization of pension and health insurance systems, benefits, allowances and subsidies for certain categories of consumers in the 20th century was caused by large-scale economic and political transformations. Mass industrial production made goods more accessible, and redistribution systems became a tool for balancing the market and ensuring the sustainability of the economy. Democratization and expansion of suffrage, the spread of radical ideologies or changes in political regimes created a demand for means of ensuring social stability, which was supplied by the social programs. The increase in spending on social policy began to create problems for the sustainability of budgets at the end of the 20th century, which led to attempts to limit social programs, but a reduction in spending did not occur due to the political and economic importance that the welfare state has acquired in the 20th century.
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20 世纪社会政策转型的经济和政治原因
本文分析了 20 世纪德国、英国、法国、西班牙、俄罗斯、美国和中国这些社会保障领域变化最大的国家的社会政策动态。文章考虑了现有的社会国家类型学方法。文章研究了社会保障体系形成、变化和组织的原因,以及不同国家在社会政策领域的相互影响。文章对社会国家面临的问题进行了评估,对不同社会政策模式的优缺点进行了评价,并概述了不同国家模式的变化。文章分析了影响社会政策领域决策的经济和政治因素以及社会改革的后果。通过对机构、法规和统计数据的研究,分析社会政策变革的原因。20 世纪养老金和医疗保险制度、福利、津贴和对某些类别消费者的补贴的组织、管理和现代化是由大规模的经济和政治变革引起的。大规模工业生产使商品更容易获得,再分配制度成为平衡市场和确保经济可持续性的工具。民主化和选举权的扩大、激进意识形态的传播或政治体制的变革,都对确保社会稳定的手段产生了需求,而社会计划则提供了这种需求。20 世纪末,社会政策支出的增加开始给预算的可持续性带来问题,这导致人们试图限制社会计划,但由于福利国家在 20 世纪获得的政治和经济重要性,支出并未减少。
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