Identification of a Biomarker Panel from Genome-Wide Methylation to Detect Early HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer.

Abstract

As oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) increases in men, the need for a screening test to diagnose OPC early is crucial. This study agnostically identified differentially methylated CpG sites to identify additional biomarkers to improve screening for early OPC.DNA was extracted from oral gargles of 89 early cases and 108 frequency matched healthy controls, and processed for genome-wide methylation using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Selected sites were combined with our prior methylation data in the EPB41L3 gene (CpG sites 438, 427, and 425) and oral HPV16 and HPV18 status were considered as binary variables (positive/negative). Lasso regression identified CpG sites strongly associated with early OPC. ROC curves with AUC were generated. The panel was validated utilizing bootstrap resampling.Machine learning analyses identified 14 markers that are significantly associated with early OPC, including one EPB41L3 CpG site (438) and oral HPV16 status. A final model was trained on all available samples using the discovered panel and was able to predict early OPC compared with controls with an AUC of 0.970 on the training set. In the bootstrap validation sets, the average AUC was 0.935, indicating adequate internal validity.Our data suggest that this panel can detect OPC early, however external validation of this panel is needed. Further refinement of a panel of biomarkers to diagnose OPC earlier is urgently needed to prevent complex treatment of OPC and associated comorbidities, while reducing risk of recurrence.

Prevention relevance: This study identified biomarkers using genome-wide methylation to create a panel capable of discerning early oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) from those without OPC. Such a biomarker panel would be an effective tool to detect OPC early and prevent complications of treatment associated with later diagnosis.