Micromorphology and thematic micro-mapping reveal differences in the soil structuring traits of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi contribute to soil structure, but little is known about the effect of individual fungal species on soil aggregation. In this study, the influence of 3 AM fungi species on soil aggregation in a Vitric Andosol was determined using physical, micromorphological, and imaging analyses. We used a pipe of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with a six-way connector, which was filled with soil plus AM fungal inoculum (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Gigaspora gigantea or non-inoculated -control-). Then lateral pipe connectors (experimental units) were covered with mesh systems (0.5, 0.25, and 0.034 mm), and PVC tubes filled with sterile soil were connected laterally using a clamp. The greenhouse experiment consisted of four treatments each with 32 experimental units. Four experimental units of each treatment were separated and collected at different times during the year: three were used to determine water-stable aggregates (disturbed soils), and one was preserved (undisturbed soil) to elaborate soil thin sections. Thematic micro-maps were constructed with image mosaics from a whole soil thin section, and micromorphological analyses were conducted using spatial operators. Our results showed that AM fungi affect soil aggregation forming micro-aggregates and macro-aggregates of different sizes. The most significant effects were observed with F. mosseae > R. intraradices > Gi. gigantea > control. Aggregation hierarchy was observed in micromorphological analysis, where F. mosseae and R. intraradices start binding organo-mineral particles and microaggregates to form macroaggregates, modifying soil structure from intergrain (apedal= without peds) to crumb aggregates (pedal= with peds). Gigaspora gigantea only promoted macroaggregation, by associating with pumice particles. The two AM fungi from Glomeraceae possess similar morphology compared to that isolate belonging to Gigasporaceae, which explain in part, their differential contribution traits on soil aggregation, as highlighted by using together physical and micromorphological analyses of soil thin sections based on high-resolution image mosaics.