Design and Implementation of Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas for GPS-Based Toll System

IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI:10.1007/s12647-024-00747-0
Mishti Gautam, Rajveer Yaduvanshi, Anup Kumar, Sushmita Bhushan, Saurabh Katiyar
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Abstract

GPS is using three LEO satellites at a distance of 550 kms from earth. Starlink satellite is emerging satellite system operating at 12/14 GHz (downlink/uplink) frequency for internet services. Wi-Fi services are using ISM band at 2.4 GHz. GPS system is operating at 1.5 GHz. The roadside network frequency is 10.9 GHz. On-board unit will be in each vehicle having all these five antennas. Wireless toll collection systems can be integrated with all these services in the vehicles travelling at expressways or highways. To eliminate congestion and bring in transparency in revenue collection at toll road, this paper proposed an integrated wireless system using five dielectric resonator antennas offering different services for the efficient way of toll collection. Antennas for roadside service, GPS, Wi-Fi and satellite service have been designed to facilitate vehicles and toll authorities. This system is proposed for efficient fare collection depending on the actual distance travelled by the vehicle. This paper has proposed five thermoset microwave material of 12.8 dielectric constant dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) using hardware prototyped and simulated models, integrated Z-shape cavity (air) for introducing right-hand circular polarization and left-hand circular polarization as novel features, beam steering using three slots with shorting pins. Measured, simulated and theoretical results have been found to be perfectly matching in the proposed DRAs. The beam steering is another novel feature, which is obtained due to structure of DRA by altering positions of ground plane slots. The proposed solution involves utilizing a machine learning model for toll collection, leveraging vehicle images captured during the transaction, and calculating the distance travelled using GPS data.

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基于 GPS 的收费系统矩形介质谐振器天线的设计与实现
全球定位系统使用三颗低地轨道卫星,距离地球 550 千米。Starlink 卫星是新兴的卫星系统,运行频率为 12/14 GHz(下行链路/上行链路),用于互联网服务。Wi-Fi 服务使用 2.4 千兆赫的 ISM 波段。GPS 系统的工作频率为 1.5 千兆赫。路边网络频率为 10.9 千兆赫。每辆车上的车载装置都有这五个天线。无线收费系统可与所有这些服务集成在高速公路或高等级公路上行驶的车辆上。为了消除拥堵,提高收费公路收费的透明度,本文提出了一种集成无线系统,使用五个介质谐振器天线提供不同的服务,以实现高效的收费方式。设计了用于路边服务、GPS、Wi-Fi 和卫星服务的天线,以方便车辆和收费机构。该系统是根据车辆实际行驶距离提出的高效收费系统。本文提出了五种介电常数为 12.8 的热固性微波材料介质谐振器天线 (DRA),使用硬件原型和模拟模型,集成 Z 形空腔(空气),引入右旋圆极化和左旋圆极化作为新功能,使用三个带短路针的插槽进行波束转向。测量、模拟和理论结果均表明,拟议的 DRA 完全匹配。波束转向是另一个新特性,它是通过改变地平面槽的位置,利用 DRA 的结构实现的。建议的解决方案包括利用机器学习模型进行收费,利用交易过程中捕获的车辆图像,以及利用 GPS 数据计算行驶距离。
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来源期刊
MAPAN
MAPAN 工程技术-物理:应用
CiteScore
2.30
自引率
20.00%
发文量
91
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: MAPAN-Journal Metrology Society of India is a quarterly publication. It is exclusively devoted to Metrology (Scientific, Industrial or Legal). It has been fulfilling an important need of Metrologists and particularly of quality practitioners by publishing exclusive articles on scientific, industrial and legal metrology. The journal publishes research communication or technical articles of current interest in measurement science; original work, tutorial or survey papers in any metrology related area; reviews and analytical studies in metrology; case studies on reliability, uncertainty in measurements; and reports and results of intercomparison and proficiency testing.
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