Power and space in a rentier state: The case of mega mall boom in Tehran, Iran

Asieh Nikbin, Gholamreza Kazemian, M. Sharifzadegan
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Abstract

Space is intertwined with the exercise of power. While exertion of power in the production of space has been frequently studied in democratic political systems, little attention has been paid to non-democratic systems. This study aims to address this gap by focusing on the mega mall development process in Tehran. The study applies a four-dimensional view of power, including over, covert, latent, and disciplinary power, to investigate the exercise of power in the development of mega malls in Tehran. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach; data is collected through 48 semi-structured in-depth interviews and nine documents. The process of mega mall development in Tehran illustrates two levels of power dynamics. Firstly, powerful institutions emerge as winners while citizens lose out. This overt conflict involves monopolized decision-making and the rationalization and legitimization of ‘exceptions’, representing the covert and latent dimensions of power respectively. Secondly, the mega mall itself functions as a Panopticon by exerting disciplinary power. While power dynamics may share similarities across different systems, the distinctive aspect of mega mall development in Tehran lies in the monopolized process and pervasive perception manipulation as the key means of power exertion.
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租界国家的权力与空间:伊朗德黑兰大型购物中心繁荣的案例
空间与权力的行使交织在一起。在民主政治体制中,空间生产中的权力行使经常被研究,但对非民主体制的研究却很少。本研究旨在通过关注德黑兰大型购物中心的发展过程来填补这一空白。本研究采用四维权力观,包括公开权力、隐蔽权力、潜在权力和纪律权力,来研究德黑兰大型购物中心开发过程中的权力行使。研究采用建构主义基础理论方法,通过 48 个半结构式深度访谈和 9 份文件收集数据。德黑兰大型购物中心的发展过程显示了两个层面的权力动态。首先,强大的机构成为赢家,而公民则成为输家。这种公开的冲突涉及垄断决策以及 "例外 "的合理化和合法化,分别代表了权力的隐蔽和潜在层面。其次,超大型购物中心本身通过施加惩戒权力发挥着 "看守所 "的作用。虽然不同系统中的权力动态可能有相似之处,但德黑兰大型购物中心发展的独特之处在于垄断过程和无处不在的观念操纵,这是权力行使的关键手段。
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