Electrical and Magnetic Neuromodulation Technologies and Brain-Computer Interfaces: Ethical Considerations for Enhancement of Brain Function in Healthy People - A Systematic Scoping Review.
Markus Ploesser, Mickey Ellis Abraham, Marike Lianne Daphne Broekman, Miriam Tanja Zincke, Craig Aaron Beach, Nina Beatrix Urban, Sharona Ben-Haim
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Abstract
Introduction: This scoping review aimed to synthesize the fragmented evidence on ethical concerns related to the use of electrical and magnetic neuromodulation technologies, as well as brain-computer interfaces for enhancing brain function in healthy individuals, addressing the gaps in understanding spurred by rapid technological advancements and ongoing ethical debates.
Methods: The following databases and interfaces were queried: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, PhilPapers, and Google Scholar. Additional references were identified via bibliographies of included citations. References included experimental studies, reviews, opinion papers, and letters to editors published in peer-reviewed journals that explored the ethical implications of electrical and magnetic neuromodulation technologies and brain-computer interfaces for enhancement of brain function in healthy adult or pediatric populations.
Results: A total of 23 articles were included in the review, of which the majority explored expert opinions in the form of qualitative studies or surveys as well as reviews. Two studies explored the view of laypersons on the topic. The majority of evidence pointed to ethical concerns relating to a lack of sufficient efficacy and safety data for these new technologies, with the risks of invasive procedures potentially outweighing the benefits. Additionally, concerns about potential socioeconomic consequences were raised that could further exacerbate existing socioeconomic inequalities, as well as the risk of changes to person and environment.
Conclusion: This scoping review highlights a critical shortage of ethical research on electrical and magnetic neuromodulation technologies and brain-computer interfaces for enhancement of brain function in healthy individuals, with key concerns regarding the safety, efficacy, and socioeconomic impacts of neuromodulation technologies. It underscores the urgent need for integrating ethical considerations into neuroscientific research to address significant gaps and ensure equitable access and outcomes.
简介本范围界定综述旨在综合与使用电子和磁性神经调控技术以及脑机接口增强健康人大脑功能有关的伦理问题的零散证据，解决因技术快速发展和持续的伦理争论而产生的认识差距：方法：查询了以下数据库和界面：方法：查询了以下数据库和界面：MEDLINE（通过 PubMed）、Web of Science、PhilPapers 和 Google Scholar。其他参考文献则通过已收录文献的参考书目确定。参考文献包括在同行评审期刊上发表的实验研究、综述、观点论文和致编辑的信，这些文章探讨了电子和磁性神经调控技术以及脑机接口对增强健康成人或儿童大脑功能的伦理影响：综述共收录了 23 篇文章，其中大部分文章以定性研究或调查以及综述的形式探讨了专家意见。有两项研究探讨了非专业人士对这一主题的看法。大多数证据都指出了伦理方面的问题，即这些新技术缺乏足够的疗效和安全数据，侵入性程序的风险可能大于益处。此外，还有人担心潜在的社会经济后果可能会进一步加剧现有的社会经济不平等，以及改变个人和环境的风险：本范围界定综述突出表明，有关用于增强健康人大脑功能的电子和磁性神经调控技术以及脑机接口的伦理研究严重不足，神经调控技术的安全性、有效性和社会经济影响也是人们关注的焦点。报告强调，迫切需要将伦理方面的考虑因素纳入神经科学研究，以弥补重大差距，确保公平获取和成果。
期刊介绍：
''Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery'' provides a single source for the reader to keep abreast of developments in the most rapidly advancing subspecialty within neurosurgery. Technological advances in computer-assisted surgery, robotics, imaging and neurophysiology are being applied to clinical problems with ever-increasing rapidity in stereotaxis more than any other field, providing opportunities for new approaches to surgical and radiotherapeutic management of diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and spine. Issues feature advances in the use of deep-brain stimulation, imaging-guided techniques in stereotactic biopsy and craniotomy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and stereotactically implanted and guided radiotherapeutics and biologicals in the treatment of functional and movement disorders, brain tumors, and other diseases of the brain. Background information from basic science laboratories related to such clinical advances provides the reader with an overall perspective of this field. Proceedings and abstracts from many of the key international meetings furnish an overview of this specialty available nowhere else. ''Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery'' meets the information needs of both investigators and clinicians in this rapidly advancing field.
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