Testosterone and other treatments for transgender males and non-binary trans masculine individuals

Abstract

Testosterone therapy is the main hormonal treatment offered in transmen to alleviate somatic gender dysphoria. Testosterone can be administered via topical or injectable preparations to achieve physical changes resulting in masculinisation and improve quality of life for the treated individuals. The aim of our paper is to outline methods for testosterone replacement, their impact on main body systems of transmen, potential associated health risks and long term follow up. Androgen use in transgender medicine is safe with appropriate endocrine guidance and monitoring. Studies with longer follow-up period, including those who may prefer low dose testosterone, interested in pregnancy or older people may further improve the management of female-to-male transgender persons.