Rock avalanches in northeastern Baffin Island, Canada: understanding low occurrence amid high hazard potential

IF 5.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Landslides Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI:10.1007/s10346-024-02315-8
Maureen C. Matthew, John C. Gosse, Reginald L. Hermanns, Alexandre Normandeau, Tommy Tremblay
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Abstract

Rock avalanches in fjord environments can cause direct catastrophic damage and trigger secondary submarine landslides and tsunamis. These are well-documented in Greenland, Norway, and Alaska but have gone largely unreported in the extensive fjord terrain of the eastern Canadian Arctic. We provide the first inventory of rock avalanche deposits in northeastern Baffin Island—a region characterized by moderate to high seismic hazard, steep and high-walled fjords and glacial valleys, active deglaciation, and observed climate warming. Over a broad study area of ~60,000 km2, one sixth of the terrain had sufficient slope height and gradient to potentially generate rock avalanches. Within that hazard zone, we identified eight rock avalanche deposits at six locations. Only three rock avalanche deposits at two locations are dated, using aerial imagery (1958-present), to the last century while five deposits at four locations are inferred as syn- to post-glacial, likely occurring shortly after local debuttressing. These total numbers fall well below documented inventories from Greenland, Norway, and Alaska. We hypothesize that (1) continuous permafrost persists throughout this region and continues to act as a stabilizing factor and (2) rock mass quality is high in areas of most extreme relief contrast within the study region relative to analogous high-latitude fjord systems such as those in southwestern Greenland. We suggest that Baffin Island is currently in a period of quasi-stability that follows the intense instability during initial deglaciation, yet precedes the higher anticipated slope instability that may occur during permafrost degradation.

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加拿大巴芬岛东北部的岩石崩塌:了解低发生率和高潜在危害性
峡湾环境中的岩崩会造成直接的灾难性破坏,并引发二次海底滑坡和海啸。格陵兰岛、挪威和阿拉斯加都有大量关于岩崩的记录,但在加拿大北极地区东部广阔的峡湾地形中,岩崩却鲜有报道。我们首次对巴芬岛东北部的岩崩沉积物进行了清点,该地区的特点是中度到高度的地震危险、陡峭的高壁峡湾和冰川谷、活跃的冰川退化以及观测到的气候变暖。在约 60,000 平方公里的广阔研究区域内,六分之一的地形具有足够的坡高和坡度,可能产生岩崩。在这一危险区域内,我们在六个地点发现了八个岩崩沉积物。根据航空图像(1958 年至今),只有两个地点的三处岩崩沉积物的年代是上个世纪,而四个地点的五处沉积物被推断为冰川期至冰川期后,很可能发生在当地脱水后不久。这些总数远远低于格陵兰岛、挪威和阿拉斯加的文献记载。我们假设:(1) 整个地区持续存在永久冻土,并继续发挥稳定因素的作用;(2) 与格陵兰岛西南部等类似的高纬度峡湾系统相比,研究区域内地形反差最大的地区岩体质量较高。我们认为,巴芬岛目前正处于一个准稳定时期,该时期紧随最初脱冰期的强烈不稳定性之后,但先于永冻土降解期间可能出现的预期较高的斜坡不稳定性。
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来源期刊
Landslides
Landslides 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
13.60
自引率
14.90%
发文量
191
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Landslides are gravitational mass movements of rock, debris or earth. They may occur in conjunction with other major natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Expanding urbanization and changing land-use practices have increased the incidence of landslide disasters. Landslides as catastrophic events include human injury, loss of life and economic devastation and are studied as part of the fields of earth, water and engineering sciences. The aim of the journal Landslides is to be the common platform for the publication of integrated research on landslide processes, hazards, risk analysis, mitigation, and the protection of our cultural heritage and the environment. The journal publishes research papers, news of recent landslide events and information on the activities of the International Consortium on Landslides. - Landslide dynamics, mechanisms and processes - Landslide risk evaluation: hazard assessment, hazard mapping, and vulnerability assessment - Geological, Geotechnical, Hydrological and Geophysical modeling - Effects of meteorological, hydrological and global climatic change factors - Monitoring including remote sensing and other non-invasive systems - New technology, expert and intelligent systems - Application of GIS techniques - Rock slides, rock falls, debris flows, earth flows, and lateral spreads - Large-scale landslides, lahars and pyroclastic flows in volcanic zones - Marine and reservoir related landslides - Landslide related tsunamis and seiches - Landslide disasters in urban areas and along critical infrastructure - Landslides and natural resources - Land development and land-use practices - Landslide remedial measures / prevention works - Temporal and spatial prediction of landslides - Early warning and evacuation - Global landslide database
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