Fluorotelomer betaines and sulfonic acid in aerobic wetland soil: Stability, biotransformation, and bacterial community response

Abstract

The microbial degradation of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and fluorotelomer betaines (5:3 and 5:1:2 FTB) in aerobic wetland soil was investigated during a 100-day incubation. The half-lives of 6:2 FTSA in the treatments with diethylene glycol butyl ether as the sole carbon source (NA treatment) and with additional supplementation of sodium acetate (ED treatment) were determined to be 26.2 and 16.7 days, respectively. By day 100, ∼20 mol% of 6:2 FTAB was degraded in the NA and ED treatments. The potential transformation products of 6:2 FTSA and 6:2 FTAB were identified using liquid/gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and their biotransformation pathways were proposed. In contrast, 5:3 and 5:1:2 FTB exhibited high persistence under two carbon source conditions. There was no intense alteration in the diversity of soil bacterial communities under the stress of fluorotelomer compounds at the level of ∼150 μg/L. The supplementation of sodium acetate led to an enrichment of bacterial species within the genera Hydrogenophaga (phylum Proteobacteria) and Rhodococcus (phylum Actinobacteria), promoting the biodegradation of 6:2 FTSA and 6:2 FTAB and the formation of transformation products. Species from the genus Rhodococcus were potentially crucial functional microorganisms involved in the degradation of 6:2 FTSA.