A rare case of acute cerebellitis due to enterovirus treated with therapeutic plasma exchange: Case report and review of the literature

Abstract

Background

Acute cerebellitis is a rare complication of pediatric infections. There are many reports that viral infections lead to neurological manifestations, including acute cerebellitis.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted for pediatric patients diagnosed with enterovirus cerebellitis between 2000 and 2024. The methods involved reviewing clinical and radiological records and assessing the treatment methods.

Results

Case Report

We present the case of a 4-year-old immunocompetent child who initially presented with acute encephalopathy followed by truncal ataxia, and eventually received a diagnosis of postinfectious cerebellitis. Enterovirus real-time polymerase chain reaction were positive in the nasopharyngeal swab. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) was started due to neurological deterioration despite IVIG treatment. She improved significantly with TPE, and methylprednisolone treatment and was discharged in good health status. The patient is being followed up as neurologically normal.

Conclusion

Acute cerebellitis associated with enterovirus is a rare pediatric disorder. Early diagnosis and treatment with TPE in this severe case is thought to be preventive for the potentially fatal complications.