Impacts of the High-Pressure Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station on Fish Population of the Bratsk Reservoir

Abstract

Environmental and ecological effects of the dam of the high-pressure Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station (HPS) on the fish population and the probability of fish downstream migration from the Bratsk Reservoir have been studied. It has been revealed that thermal stratification of the water column is a significant factor in the ecological differentiation of the fish population in the upper reaches of high-pressure hydroelectric plants. According to hydroacoustics data, most of the ichthyomass, consisting of “warm-water” representatives of the Percidae (65%) and Cyprinidae (22%) families, is concentrated in the relatively warm layer of the epilimnion. Juvenile fish from 30 to 50 mm in size (up to 70% of the total fish number in this layer) are also concentrated here. In the cold-water hypolimnion, the fish population is represented by large single individuals of whitefish (Coregoninae). The data on distribution of fish in the lower and upper reaches of the dam, fish nutrition patterns, growth rate, and the presence of injuries that occur when fish pass downstream through hydroelectric plant dams are presented. Revealed differences in the growth rate of perches from the upper and lower reaches are associated with their constant inhabiting of water masses with contrasting temperatures. Net catches in the lower reaches over the four seasons of research lack injured individuals. These facts prove the absence of mass downstream passage of fish through the Bratsk HPS dam. Juveniles of cyprinids and perches accumulate in the upper warm layer of 0–10 m, i.e. outside the zone of the intake flow formation, which makes their entrance to intake openings at a depth of more than 20 m hardly possible.