一些动物和人类研究显示了肠道微生物群的性别差异，但结果并不一致。通讯生物学》（Communications Biology）杂志上的一项研究通过比较青春期前后雌雄小鼠的肠道微生物群，就睾酮和性别对小鼠肠道微生物群的影响提供了新的见解。结果表明，雌雄小鼠的微生物组组成存在差异，这种差异只有在青春期后才能看到。值得注意的是，进入青春期后，雄性小鼠的梭状芽孢杆菌属相对丰度高于雌性小鼠，而雌性小鼠的弧菌属丰度更高，弧菌属与小鼠抑郁和肥胖有关。在探索体内补充睾酮的影响时，研究人员发现睾酮会影响雄性和雌性小鼠的肠道微生物群和代谢组。这些结果表明，青春期后微生物群发生了变化，部分原因是体内性激素（主要是睾酮）水平升高：Moadi, L. et al.7, 880 (2024)
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