Development of an Ultrasonic Nebulization System for an Inverse Low Temperature Plasma Ionization Source.

Abstract

An effective nebulization and evaporation of a liquid sample, like in liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry (LC-MS) couplings, is an essential requirement for the ionization of analyte molecules in the gas phase by, for example, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or the novel low temperature plasma (LTP)-based ion source. These LTP-based ion sources have recently gained interest in the field of atmospheric pressure ion sources, as they can cover a wide range of polarity and molecular mass. They can be used in combination with separation techniques like liquid chromatography or used as an ambient ion source. However, commercial nebulizer systems are of course not constructed to fit to home-built LTP-based ion sources, and this was one incentive to develop a new nebulization system. Instead of an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) nebulizer, two commercial nebulizers were disassembled and remodeled to be used as nebulizing systems in an LC-MS setup using an LTP-based ion source. Based on these results, a novel nebulizer system was subsequently developed. To further improve the degree of ionization, cones to focus the LC eluent spray on the plasma region, heating applications, and auxiliary nitrogen gas for dispersion of the solvent droplets were implemented. The LOD that could be calculated via the rule of three resulted in an average of 2.0 μg/L for the APCI-nebulizer and 41 μg/L for the USN. Both could be reduced to 1.4 and 18 μg/L, respectively, by using a TPI-configuration instead of an iLTP. The linearity was equally good for both types of nebulization devices. The final nebulizer could also be operated with a high water content and flow rates higher than those of the two previous ones, indicating an important improvement step.