Automated vehicles and the urban parking paradigm: Environmental implications and Citizen preference

Abstract

This study examines parking decisions in a future populated by automated vehicles (AVs), focusing on their energy implications. Using a multinomial logit model, preferences among cruising, garage parking, sending the AV home, and on-street parking in Santander, Spain, were evaluated. Home sending emerged as the favourite (52%) for its convenience, while garage parking was chosen by 36%, valued for security and environmental benefits. Cruising was least popular (6%), deterred by environmental concerns. Integrating survey data with traffic simulations, the research uncovered that cruising, despite its low preference, accounted for 16% of energy consumption due to empty trips. Surprisingly, sending AVs home, despite being the most popular, led to significant energy use, although it maintained a good consumption ratio. Garage parking, especially when located on city outskirts, was also inefficient. The study highlights the urgent need for strategies to mitigate inefficient parking behaviours, thereby enhancing the sustainability of AV-driven mobility.