Highly selective and sensitive ratiometric detection of Hg2+ ions with NFS co-doped carbon dots: Real sample analysis, antibacterial properties, and cellular imaging applications.

Sonaimuthu Mohandoss, Kuppu Sakthi Velu, Rizwan Wahab, Naushad Ahmad, Subramanian Palanisamy, SangGuan You, Mohammad Aslam, Yong Rok Lee, Seong-Cheol Kim
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Abstract

A simple, low-cost hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize highly fluorescent nitrogen-, fluorine-, and sulfur-co-doped carbon dots (NFS-CDs) using flufenamic acid and L-cysteine as precursors. The synthesized NFS-CDs exhibited dual emission peaks at 490 and 580 nm with a quantum yield of 24.7 %. They exhibit excellent stability, excitation-dependent fluorescent, and particle sizes ranging from 2 to 8 nm. The fluorescent chemosensor probe, NFS-CDs, showed strong selectivity and sensitivity for Hg2+ over other metal ions investigated in aqueous solutions (pH ∼ 7.4). Strong fluorescent enhancement at 490 nm and considerable quenching at 580 nm was observed in the presence of Hg2+ ions. The stoichiometric ratio of the NFS-CDs/Hg2+ complex was optimized to 1:1 according to the Benesi-Hildebrand and Stern-Volmer plot methods. The NFS-CDs exhibited a linear dynamic detection range from 0 to 10 × 10-6 M for Hg2+ ions with a lower detection limit of 18.0 and 67.5 × 10-9 M, respectively, at 490 and 580 nm. Practical applications of NFS-CDs in detecting Hg2+ ions in natural water samples showed high recovery rates (98.9-104.6 %) and low relative standard deviation (RSD ≤ 2.47 %). The NFS-CDs/Hg2+ achieved 78.7 ± 2.6 % and 83.4 ± 2.3 % antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus as NFS-CDs/Hg2+ could damage the bacterial walls when they entered the bacteria. Furthermore, the NFS-CDs were used to detect Hg2+ ions intracellularly in HCT116 cells with low toxicity using live cell imaging.

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利用 NFS 共掺杂碳点对 Hg2+ 离子进行高选择性、高灵敏度的比率测量检测:实际样品分析、抗菌特性和细胞成像应用。
以氟灭酸和 L-半胱氨酸为前驱体,采用简单、低成本的水热法合成了高荧光氮、氟和硫掺杂碳点(NFS-CDs)。合成的 NFS-CD 在 490 和 580 纳米波长处显示出双发射峰,量子产率为 24.7%。它们具有出色的稳定性、激发依赖性荧光和 2 至 8 纳米的粒径。在水溶液中(pH ∼ 7.4),NFS-CDs 荧光化学传感器探针对 Hg2+ 的选择性和灵敏度高于其他金属离子。在 Hg2+ 离子存在的情况下,在 490 纳米波长处观察到强烈的荧光增强,在 580 纳米波长处观察到相当程度的淬灭。根据 Benesi-Hildebrand 和 Stern-Volmer plot 方法,NFS-CDs/Hg2+复合物的化学计量比优化为 1:1。NFS-CD 对 Hg2+ 离子的线性动态检测范围为 0 至 10 × 10-6 M,在 490 和 580 纳米波长下的检测下限分别为 18.0 和 67.5 × 10-9M。NFS-CD 在天然水样中检测 Hg2+ 离子的实际应用显示出较高的回收率(98.9-104.6 %)和较低的相对标准偏差(RSD ≤ 2.47 %)。NFS-CDs/Hg2+ 对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性分别为 78.7 ± 2.6 % 和 83.4 ± 2.3 %,这是因为 NFS-CDs/Hg2+ 进入细菌后会破坏细菌壁。此外,NFS-CDs 还能利用活细胞成像技术检测 HCT116 细胞内的 Hg2+ 离子,且毒性较低。
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