Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Ecotoxicological Impacts and the Use of Agro-Industrial Waste for Their Removal from Aquatic Environments.

IF 6.8 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI:10.3390/jox14040082

Ana Gabriela Estrada-Almeida, María Luisa Castrejón-Godínez, Patricia Mussali-Galante, Efraín Tovar-Sánchez, Alexis Rodríguez

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Abstract

Medicines are pharmaceutical substances used to treat, prevent, or relieve symptoms of different diseases in animals and humans. However, their large-scale production and use worldwide cause their release to the environment. Pharmaceutical molecules are currently considered emerging pollutants that enter water bodies due to inadequate management, affecting water quality and generating adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Hence, different alternatives for pharmaceuticals removal from water have been sought; among them, the use of agro-industrial wastes has been proposed, mainly because of its high availability and low cost. This review highlights the adverse ecotoxicological effects related to the presence of different pharmaceuticals on aquatic environments and analyzes 94 investigations, from 2012 to 2024, on the removal of 17 antibiotics, highlighting sulfamethoxazole as the most reported, as well as 6 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac and ibuprofen, and 27 pharmaceutical drugs with different pharmacological activities. The removal of these drugs was evaluated using agro-industrial wastes such as wheat straw, mung bean husk, bagasse, bamboo, olive stones, rice straw, pinewood, rice husk, among others. On average, 60% of the agro-industrial wastes were transformed into biochar to be used as a biosorbents for pharmaceuticals removal. The diversity in experimental conditions among the removal studies makes it difficult to stablish which agro-industrial waste has the greatest removal capacity; therefore, in this review, the drug mass removal rate (DMRR) was calculated, a parameter used with comparative purposes. Almond shell-activated biochar showed the highest removal rate for antibiotics (1940 mg/g·h), while cork powder (CP) (10,420 mg/g·h) showed the highest for NSAIDs. Therefore, scientific evidence demonstrates that agro-industrial waste is a promising alternative for the removal of emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals substances.

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药物污染物：生态毒理学影响和利用农工废弃物去除水生环境中的这些污染物。

药品是用于治疗、预防或缓解动物和人类不同疾病症状的药物。然而，它们在全球范围内的大规模生产和使用会导致其排放到环境中。药物分子目前被认为是新出现的污染物，由于管理不善而进入水体，影响水质并对水生生物产生不利影响。因此，人们一直在寻找不同的替代方法来去除水中的药物；其中，有人提出使用农用工业废物，主要是因为其可用性高且成本低。本综述强调了不同药物的存在对水生环境造成的不良生态毒理学影响，并分析了从 2012 年到 2024 年对 17 种抗生素（其中磺胺甲噁唑的报道最多）、6 种非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）（如双氯芬酸和布洛芬）以及 27 种具有不同药理活性的药物的去除情况进行的 94 项调查。利用小麦秸秆、绿豆壳、甘蔗渣、竹子、橄榄石、稻草、松木、稻壳等农用工业废料对这些药物的去除效果进行了评估。平均有 60% 的农用工业废物转化为生物炭，用作去除药物的生物吸附剂。由于去除研究的实验条件各不相同，很难确定哪种农用工业废物的去除能力最强；因此，在本综述中，计算了药物质量去除率（DMRR），这是一个用于比较的参数。杏仁壳活性生物炭对抗生素的去除率最高（1940 mg/g-h），而软木粉（CP）对非甾体抗炎药的去除率最高（10420 mg/g-h）。因此，科学证据表明，农用工业废物是去除新出现的污染物（如药物物质）的一种很有前途的替代方法。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Xenobiotics TOXICOLOGY-

CiteScore

5.30

自引率

1.70%

发文量

审稿时长

10 weeks

期刊介绍： The Journal of Xenobiotics publishes original studies concerning the beneficial (pharmacology) and detrimental effects (toxicology) of xenobiotics in all organisms. A xenobiotic (“stranger to life”) is defined as a chemical that is not usually found at significant concentrations or expected to reside for long periods in organisms. In addition to man-made chemicals, natural products could also be of interest if they have potent biological properties, special medicinal properties or that a given organism is at risk of exposure in the environment. Topics dealing with abiotic- and biotic-based transformations in various media (xenobiochemistry) and environmental toxicology are also of interest. Areas of interests include the identification of key physical and chemical properties of molecules that predict biological effects and persistence in the environment; the molecular mode of action of xenobiotics; biochemical and physiological interactions leading to change in organism health; pathophysiological interactions of natural and synthetic chemicals; development of biochemical indicators including new “-omics” approaches to identify biomarkers of exposure or effects for xenobiotics.