Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Pediatric COVID-19: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background and Aims

There is a demand for additional data regarding the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the pediatric population. This study sought to determine the clinical and epidemiological features of pediatric COVID-19 in Iran.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed to assess medical records of children with COVID-19 admitted to Abuzar Hospital in Ahvaz (Iran). Their clinical and demographic data were recorded.

Results

In this study, 600 medical records of pediatric COVID-19 patients were evaluated. Over 50% of them were boys. Mild, moderate, and severe manifestations of COVID-19 were identified in 250, 200, and 150 children, respectively. Patients with severe or moderate COVID-19 had substantially higher levels of various inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and d-dimer), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatine kinase (CPK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), neutrophils, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (Cr), bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) compared to children with mild COVID-19 (p < 0.001); they also had lower levels of lymphocytes, hemoglobin (Hb), and vitamin D than patients with mild COVID-19 (p < 0.001). In addition, children with severe or moderate COVID-19 had a notably higher incidence of fever or dry cough and longer hospital stays than those with mild COVID-19 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of malnutrition and anemia in patients was 50.6% and 31.5%, respectively. A significant proportion of children who were underweight and stunted experienced moderate to severe COVID-19. Furthermore, there was a considerably higher prevalence of malnutrition, anemia, and vitamin D insufficiency, or deficiency in children with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 compared to patients with mild COVID-19 (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The outcomes of this study revealed a significantly higher prevalence of malnutrition, anemia, vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency, elevated liver and kidney function test results, and increased inflammatory markers in children with moderate to severe COVID-19 compared to those with mild COVID-19.