Development and characterization of bael (Aegle marmelos) leaf extract incorporated chitosan-based functional edible coating and its application on stored tomatoes

Sanjib Kr Paul, Himjyoti Dutta, Sayantan Chakraborty, Gunjana Deka, Sudipto Sarkar, Laxmi Narayan Sethi and Sujit Kumar Ghosh
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Abstract

A bael (Aegle marmelos) leaf extract (BLE) incorporated chitosan-based functional edible coating was developed in this study. The incorporated functional extract exhibited high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging antioxidant activity amounting up to 74.35 ± 0.21%, and impressive antimicrobial properties as high as 5 mg mL−1. As a functional extract, BLE contributed excellently by controlling the ripening of the coated tomatoes stored at ambient temperature. This was evidenced by the recorded patterns of the respiration rate (RR), ΔE color, weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, and firmness. The inhibition of mesophilic bacterial and fungal growth contributed remarkably to the enhanced shelf-life of the coated tomatoes. A moderate 1% BLE in the coating (coded BLCT-1) resulted in up to a 250% increase in shelf-life. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed appropriate gelling, coating homogeneity, interblending and continuous surface morphology. Such an excellent texture could be related to the lowered crystallinity of BLCT-1. The characteristic X-ray diffraction peaks suggested the occurrence of chitosan crystal forms I and II in the control as well as BLE incorporated films. Infrared spectra confirmed specific chemical interactions between BLE compounds and chitosan, including the stretching of OH, NH and CO (3360 cm−1 and 967–1195 cm−1 respectively), bending of NH2 (1600 cm−1), and the evidence of residual acetic acid at around 1700 cm−1. With suitable thickness (0.08 ± 0.001 mm), water vapor permeability (WVP, 0.065 ± 0.002 × 10−11 g cm−1 s−1 Pa−1), percentage solubility (PS, 11.889 ± 0.04%) and optical parameters (ΔE: 1.06 ± 0.01), BLCT-1 could be considered as the most ideal edible coating for tomatoes with possible applicability in other perishable fruits and vegetables.

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以壳聚糖为基础的桦树叶提取物功能性食用涂层的开发和表征及其在贮藏番茄上的应用
本研究开发了一种含有壳聚糖的蚕豆叶提取物(BLE)功能性食用涂层。该功能性提取物的 2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼(DPPH)自由基清除抗氧化活性高达 74.35 ± 0.21%,抗菌性能高达 5 mg mL-1,令人印象深刻。作为一种功能性提取物,BLE 在控制环境温度下贮藏的涂层番茄的成熟方面做出了卓越的贡献。呼吸速率(RR)、ΔE 颜色、重量损失、总可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸度(TA)、pH 值和坚实度的记录模式证明了这一点。抑制嗜中性细菌和真菌的生长显著提高了涂层番茄的货架期。在涂层中适度添加 1%的 BLE(代号为 BLCT-1)可使货架期延长 250%。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示了适当的胶凝、涂层均匀性、交融性和连续的表面形态。这种优异的质地可能与 BLCT-1 的结晶度降低有关。特征性的 X 射线衍射峰表明,对照薄膜和掺入 BLE 的薄膜中存在壳聚糖晶体形态 I 和 II。红外光谱证实了 BLE 化合物与壳聚糖之间特定的化学作用,包括 OH、NH 和 CO 的伸展(分别为 3360 cm-1 和 967-1195 cm-1),NH2 的弯曲(1600 cm-1),以及在 1700 cm-1 左右残留醋酸的证据。BLCT-1 具有合适的厚度(0.08 ± 0.001 毫米)、水蒸气渗透性(WVP,0.065 ± 0.002 × 10-11 g cm-1 s-1 Pa-1)、溶解度百分比(PS,11.889 ± 0.04%)和光学参数(ΔE:1.06 ± 0.01),可被视为番茄最理想的可食用涂层,并有可能应用于其他易腐水果和蔬菜。
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