Slow-Binding and Covalent HDAC Inhibition: A New Paradigm?

Abstract

The dysregulated post-translational modification of proteins is an established hallmark of human disease. Through Zn²⁺-dependent hydrolysis of acyl-lysine modifications, histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key regulators of disease-implicated signaling pathways and tractable drug targets in the clinic. Early targeting of this family of 11 enzymes (HDAC1–11) afforded a first generation of broadly acting inhibitors with medicinal applications in oncology, specifically in cutaneous and peripheral T-cell lymphomas and in multiple myeloma. However, first-generation HDAC inhibitors are often associated with weak-to-modest patient benefits, dose-limited efficacies, pharmacokinetic liabilities, and recurring clinical toxicities. Alternative inhibitor design to target single enzymes and avoid toxic Zn²⁺-binding moieties have not overcome these limitations. Instead, recent literature has seen a shift toward noncanonical mechanistic approaches focused on slow-binding and covalent inhibition. Such compounds hold the potential of improving the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of HDAC inhibitors through the extension of the drug–target residence time. This perspective aims to capture this emerging paradigm and discuss its potential to improve the preclinical/clinical outlook of HDAC inhibitors in the coming years.