Lipophilic molecular rotor to assess the viscosity of oil core in nano-emulsion droplets†

Abstract

Characterization of nanoscale formulations is a continuous challenge. Size, morphology and surface properties are the most common characterizations. However, physicochemical properties inside the nanoparticles, like viscosity, cannot be directly measured. Herein, we propose an original approach to measuring dynamic viscosity using a lipidic molecular rotor solubilized in the core of nano-formulations. These molecules undergo conformational changes in response to viscosity variations, leading to observable changes in fluorescence intensity and lifetime, able to sense the volume properties of dispersed nano-domains. The lipophilic molecular rotor (BOPIDY derivatives) was specifically synthesized and characterized as oil viscosity sensing in large volumes. A second part of the study compares these results with rBDP-Toco in nano-emulsions. The objective is to evaluate the impact of the formulation, droplet size and composition on the viscosity of the droplet's core. The lipophilic rotor showed a universal behavior whatever the oil composition, giving a master curve. Applied to nano-formulations, it reveals the viscosity inside the nano-emulsion droplets, enabling the detection of slight variations between reference oil samples and the nano-formulated ones. This new tool opens the way to the fine characterization of complex colloids and multi-domain nano and micro systems, potentially applied to hybrid materials and biomaterials.