Death ligand receptor (DLR) signaling: Its non-apoptotic functions in cancer and the consequences of DLR-directed therapies

Abstract

Death ligands (DLs), particularly tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), FAS ligand (FASL), and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), collectively termed TFT, are pivotal members of the TNF superfamily. While traditionally linked to apoptosis, TFT proteins have emerged as key regulators of various non-apoptotic processes. This review summarizes the non-apoptotic functions of TFT in cancer and explores the intricate crosstalk signaling pathways and their impact on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, inflammation, and pro-tumorigenic function. It also highlights the potential connections and hurdles that exist in translating synthetic lethality strategies involving DLs into clinical applications. Lastly, it discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with TFT-targeted therapeutic strategies for both malignant and non-malignant diseases.