Recent advances of fluorescent probe for the conjugated enzymes closely related to clinical diseases

Abstract

The four biological enzymes encompassing alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aminopeptidase N (APN), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and Cathepsin B (CTB), play a pivotal role in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes. Hence, the detection of the five indexes could own an important value in the diagnosis of clinical diseases even the subsequent treatments, which is restricted by a traditional method circle mainly consisting of liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, chemiluminescence, and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry with several defaults such as bulky equipment, intricate process of testing, elevated detection expenses, high costs, and the lack of visualization in living organisms. The introduction of fluorescent probes brings a novel perspective to sense the biochemical indicators with a rapid non-invasive effect accompanied by high accuracy and sensitivity in both physiological and pathological contexts. This review introduced the fluorescence probes for these biochemical molecules (ALP, APN, GGT, and CTB) by their optical imaging in vitro assay with the models of various cell lines (HeLa, A549, HepG2, etc.) and wine, the imaging in vivo assay by the models of animals (Mice, zebrafishes, etc.) even human samples as well from 2014 to 2024. Furthermore, we systematically illustrate the optimistic progress of the fluorescent probes targeting the five molecules and expect the bright prospects of the fluorescence chemosensors shortly with a sincere hope of benefit for subsequent studies in the biological processes pivotal for related clinical application.