Load frequency control progress: A comprehensive review on recent development and challenges of modern power systems

Abstract

This research strives to examine the advancements in load frequency control (LFC) and identify the future trajectory for interconnected multi-area power systems (IMAPSs). The primary aim of LFC is to diminish frequency instabilities in order to attain a satisfactory performance by ensuring the stability of IMAPSs. A comprehensive view has been conducted, encompassing initial classical control methods as well as newer technologies and modern methodologies. The paper also examines different control strategies, robustness and adaptive property of the controllers for LFC in IMAPSs. The analysis includes an examination of fuzzy control and both previous and modern optimization strategies. This evaluation focuses on the modern technology advancements and advanced control tactics. The performance evaluation of the control strategies is evaluated by the incorporating renewable energy sources (RESs), electric vehicles, and storage devices. The analysis also includes the application of machine learning approach and reinforcement methods for LFC. Moreover, the smart grid is an inevitable field for the researchers; therefore, this study explores the LFC problem in smart grids and the complex structure of power systems, specifically focusing on challenges related to restricted communication bandwidth, fault scenarios in communication, and cyber-attacks. This article offers a comprehensive and meticulous analysis of the difficulties linked to LFC in contemporary and intricate power systems. Researchers and professionals interested in LFC may benefit from this work. This study thoroughly examines future strategies and approaches to improve the performance, stability, and reliability of LFC in response to growing complexity and unpredictability.