Rational molecular Design: Advances in Stimuli-Responsive shape memory polymers and composites

Abstract

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) and their composites (SMPCs), which can revert to their original shapes upon exposure to external stimuli, are emerging as smart materials for self-actuation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and applications of SMPs and SMPCs developed in recent years. Their molecular compositions that underpin unique mechanical properties and shape memory effects are examined, covering various stimuli-responsive SMPs, including heat, light, solvent, and pH-responsive types. The specific chemical bonds in the polymer structures and their reversible transformations corresponding to shape memory effects are summarized. Key innovative applications of these materials in fields such as fire alarms, smart displays, biomedical devices, and soft robotics are highlighted. Furthermore, the synthetic strategies of SMP composites are discussed. Finally, potential strategies for promoting the applications of SMPs in industrial contexts are proposed.