{"title":"A three-dimensional, continuum mechanical model for additively manufactured polyamide 12","authors":"Dominik Hahne, Michael Johlitz, Alexander Lion","doi":"10.1007/s00161-025-01369-w","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyamide 12 (PA12) is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic used in the automotive and aerospace industries due to its high resistance to chemicals and abrasion and its good thermal stability. The material can be processed with various manufacturing technologies, including selective laser sintering (SLS), which offers great potential for industrial production due to its excellent and reproducible mechanical properties and thus motivates a detailed understanding of the mechanical behavior. This paper presents an approach for modeling the mechanical behavior of selectively laser-sintered polyamide 12. A continuum mechanical model is developed based on a comprehensive temperature and velocity-controlled experimental program, and its parameters are identified. After presenting the test specimens developed in-house, which utilized the geometric freedom of the SLS process, the kinematic description of the test specimens and the digital image correlation technique used for this purpose are discussed. The experimental test results are then presented, which consist of relaxation tests and experiments with a constant strain rate at various temperatures. After the two material-theoretical approaches of linear viscoelasticity and endochronic plasticity have been presented, the material model is derived in three dimensions, and the parameters are identified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":525,"journal":{"name":"Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics","volume":"37 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00161-025-01369-w","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"MECHANICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Polyamide 12 (PA12) is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic used in the automotive and aerospace industries due to its high resistance to chemicals and abrasion and its good thermal stability. The material can be processed with various manufacturing technologies, including selective laser sintering (SLS), which offers great potential for industrial production due to its excellent and reproducible mechanical properties and thus motivates a detailed understanding of the mechanical behavior. This paper presents an approach for modeling the mechanical behavior of selectively laser-sintered polyamide 12. A continuum mechanical model is developed based on a comprehensive temperature and velocity-controlled experimental program, and its parameters are identified. After presenting the test specimens developed in-house, which utilized the geometric freedom of the SLS process, the kinematic description of the test specimens and the digital image correlation technique used for this purpose are discussed. The experimental test results are then presented, which consist of relaxation tests and experiments with a constant strain rate at various temperatures. After the two material-theoretical approaches of linear viscoelasticity and endochronic plasticity have been presented, the material model is derived in three dimensions, and the parameters are identified.
期刊介绍：
This interdisciplinary journal provides a forum for presenting new ideas in continuum and quasi-continuum modeling of systems with a large number of degrees of freedom and sufficient complexity to require thermodynamic closure. Major emphasis is placed on papers attempting to bridge the gap between discrete and continuum approaches as well as micro- and macro-scales, by means of homogenization, statistical averaging and other mathematical tools aimed at the judicial elimination of small time and length scales. The journal is particularly interested in contributions focusing on a simultaneous description of complex systems at several disparate scales. Papers presenting and explaining new experimental findings are highly encouraged. The journal welcomes numerical studies aimed at understanding the physical nature of the phenomena.
Potential subjects range from boiling and turbulence to plasticity and earthquakes. Studies of fluids and solids with nonlinear and non-local interactions, multiple fields and multi-scale responses, nontrivial dissipative properties and complex dynamics are expected to have a strong presence in the pages of the journal. An incomplete list of featured topics includes: active solids and liquids, nano-scale effects and molecular structure of materials, singularities in fluid and solid mechanics, polymers, elastomers and liquid crystals, rheology, cavitation and fracture, hysteresis and friction, mechanics of solid and liquid phase transformations, composite, porous and granular media, scaling in statics and dynamics, large scale processes and geomechanics, stochastic aspects of mechanics. The journal would also like to attract papers addressing the very foundations of thermodynamics and kinetics of continuum processes. Of special interest are contributions to the emerging areas of biophysics and biomechanics of cells, bones and tissues leading to new continuum and thermodynamical models.
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