Advances in biosynthesis of chiral amide herbicides and the key enzymes: dimethenamid-P and S-metolachlor as case studies.

Abstract

Chiral amide herbicides represent a significant class of agrochemicals, widely used for effective weed control. Prominent examples include S-metolachlor and dimethenamid-P, both of which share the intermediate (S)-1-methoxy-2-propylamine, a key structural component in their synthesis. Developing green and sustainable methods for producing this intermediate is crucial for enhancing the environmental and economic feasibility of herbicide manufacturing. Biosynthesis, with its advantages in sustainability and efficiency, has emerged as a pivotal approach in pesticide production. This review explores the classification and current development status of chiral amide herbicides, including their varieties and applications in the agricultural market. It outlines the synthesis pathways for S-metolachlor and dimethenamid-P, covering both chemical and biosynthetic routes. The review also highlights the functional properties of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of (S)-1-methoxy-2-propylamine, focusing on the potential for enzyme engineering and creation to optimize these pathways. The challenges and future development directions for amide herbicides are discussed, with an emphasis on overcoming synthetic and ecological barriers.