Synthesis of size-controlled PtPdIr nanoparticles by solution plasma sputtering and their catalytic properties†

Abstract

Platinum-based catalysts are widely used in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs) due to their excellent catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). In this study, a PtPdIr ternary alloy catalyst was synthesized by a solution plasma (SP) sputtering process with PtPd and PtIr erelctrodes, which provides a non-equilibrium reaction field in solution. The ratio of Ir in the PtPdIr nanoparticles increased as the ratio of Ir in the PtIr electrode increased. However, the ratio reamined constant at about 10%. The size of the nanoparticles could be controlled in the range of 1–3 nm. In addition, the nanoparticles were well dispersed when supported on carbon and no agglomeration was observed. The electrochemical properties of the obtained nanoparticles were investigated in terms of ORR and HOR, and the particle-c (79 : 14 : 7) nanoparticle exhibited the highest ORR and HOR performance. XPS analysis showed that the intensity of I_Pd(II) and I_Pd(0) in particle-c (79 : 14 : 7) was at the same level, and that the chemical bonding state of these elements enhances ORR and HOR activity.