Diversity and Genetic Structure of Dicksonia navarrensis (Dicksoniaceae) Populations in the Mexican Sierra Madre Oriental

Abstract

Background and Research Aims Dicksonia navarrensis is a species of tree fern at risk of extinction, distributed in the montane cloud forest (MCF) of the Americas from the central region of Mexico to Ecuador. In Mexico, populations of this species grow in primary vegetation of the MCF, in a matrix with a high degree of fragmentation and under threat of disappearance. Methods In the present study, the diversity and genetic structure of seven populations of D. navarrensis that are distributed in the cloud forest of the Sierra Madre Oriental were evaluated, with both standard laboratory and statistical analysis techniques, using 11 microsatellites developed for the genus Dicksonia. Results A total of 33 alleles were found. Genetic diversity differed between populations, and some presented low heterozygosity. Using assignment tests, three genetic groups were identified, associated with the geographical distribution of the populations; those from the north maintain connectivity with each other but diverge highly from the populations in the south, probably due to processes of isolation by distance (local environment), genetic drift, and natural selection. Conclusion The northernmost population, which is more isolated from the rest, has a broader genetic reservoir, which can be useful for maintaining the genetic diversity of the species. In the other populations, with less genetic diversity, the introduction of individuals and/or the dispersion of spores is important, to maintain and increase the genetic variability that they still possess, but which could disappear in a short time if their habitat continues to deteriorate at a high degree. Implications for Conservation The results obtained provide basic information that can be used in management and conservation plans, because the populations with the greatest genetic diversity and the possible processes that are influencing the genetic structure of the species were identified.