Recent highlights of research on androgen receptors in women.

Abstract

In this brief review we present an outline of the current state of research on examples of hyperandrogenism that can be strongly associated with diverse modifications in the androgen signaling pathway. We discuss the most prominent clinical features of androgen excess and correlate them with studies on androgen receptor (AR) alterations. For the first time we summarize the confirmed localizations of all known AR receptors in women. The knowledge of ARs may be the basis for AR-targeted therapies of androgenic disorders in women, including malignancy, as it has recently been demonstrated for triple-negative breast cancer. Moreover, we summarize the structure and characterization of key AR splice variants, which could be involved in the androgenization in women.