The 1890s

IF 0.2 0 LITERATURE, AMERICAN Mark Twain Annual Pub Date : 2020-08-31 DOI:10.2307/j.ctt21kk2vj.8

G. Smith

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The 1890s were a difficult decade for the Clemens as they dealt with the death of their daughter Susy at age twenty-four and financial struggles that brought them nearly to bankruptcy and led Twain to undertake a world lecturing tour to pay off their debts. More positively, by the mid-1890s, Twain was a global celebrity whose opinions were solicited on many matters and who enjoyed friendships with numerous political, business, and literary luminaries. In earlier works, Twain had spoofed religious tracts, pompous preachers and grandstanders, and pretentious moralizing, but during the 1890s, his criticism of Christianity, God, and the Bible became harsher. In 1896, however, Twain published his most enigmatic book—Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc—a glowing portrait of the fifteenth-century French warrior-saint who played a pivotal role in liberating France from long-standing British domination but was captured and burned at the stake for her alleged heresy.

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1890年代

19世纪90年代对克莱门斯夫妇来说是艰难的十年，他们的女儿苏西在24岁时去世，经济困难使他们几乎破产，吐温不得不进行世界巡回演讲以偿还债务。更积极的是，到19世纪90年代中期，吐温已成为全球名人，在许多问题上征求他的意见，并与许多政治、商业和文学名人建立了友谊。在早期的作品中，吐温讽刺过宗教小册子、浮夸的传教士和哗众哗众的人，以及矫情的说教，但在19世纪90年代，他对基督教、上帝和圣经的批评变得更加严厉。然而，1896年，吐温出版了他最神秘的书——《圣女贞德的个人回忆》，这是一本15世纪法国战士圣人的光辉肖像，她在将法国从长期的英国统治下解放出来的过程中发挥了关键作用，但却因所谓的异端而被捕并被烧死在火刑柱上。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Mark Twain Annual LITERATURE, AMERICAN-

CiteScore

0.40

自引率

14.30%

发文量

期刊介绍： The Mark Twain Annual publishes articles related to Mark Twain and those who surrounded him and serves as an outlet for new scholarship as well as new pedagogical approaches. It is the official publication of the Mark Twain Circle of America, an international association of people interested in the life and work of Mark Twain. The Circle encourages interest in Mark Twain and fosters the formal presentation of ideas about the author and his work, as well as the informal exchange of information among its members.

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