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Professor’s Journal. Series: Technical science最新文献

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Evaluation of the efficiency of industrial enterprises 工业企业效率评价
Pub Date : 2021-02-25 DOI: 10.18572/2686-8598-2021-4-1-20-30
A. Alimkhanova, Artur Alexandrovich Mizel
Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of Russian industrial enterprises based on the stochastic method using financial indicators for 2017-2018. Method: the parametric SFA (Stochastic Frontier Analysis) method based on a stochastic model of the production function is used to assess the efficiency of enterprises. In order to achieve more accurate results, a modification of this method was performed. And also with the help of the developed modified SFA method, the bankruptcy of industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation was predicted on the basis of selected significant financial indicators. 35 bankrupt enterprises and 35 operating enterprises of the same industry were analyzed. Results: As a result of the work done using open sources, you can see how the efficiency of different enterprises in the same industry changes over several years. Conclusion: This study suggests the ability to use the Stochastic Frontier Analysis method and its modification on the studied data in the process of monitoring the dynamics of the efficiency of enterprises both bankrupt and operating. Such an assessment of efficiency can be recommended to other sectors of the economy.
目的:利用2017-2018年财务指标,基于随机方法对俄罗斯工业企业效率进行评价。方法:采用基于生产函数随机模型的参数化SFA(随机前沿分析)方法对企业效率进行评价。为了获得更准确的结果,对该方法进行了改进。并利用所开发的改进的SFA方法,在选取重要财务指标的基础上对俄罗斯联邦工业企业的破产进行了预测。对35家破产企业和35家同行业经营企业进行了分析。结果:由于使用开源完成的工作,您可以看到同一行业中不同企业的效率在几年内是如何变化的。结论:本研究表明,在对破产企业和经营企业的效率动态监测过程中,可以使用随机前沿分析方法及其对研究数据的修正。这种效率评估可以推荐给其他经济部门。
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引用次数: 0
Autotrophic megaproject, problems of engineering education through the prism of atomic and hydrogen power engineering 自养大型工程,透过原子与氢动力工程的棱镜,工程教育的问题
Pub Date : 2021-02-25 DOI: 10.18572/2686-8598-2021-4-1-31-40
Alexander Dmitrievich Moskovchenko
An autotrophic megaproject for the salvation of mankind is presented. System-integral characteristics of autotrophic natural-social systems are given. The main disadvantages of modern engineering education are formulated. The advantages and disadvantages of atomic and hydrogen energetics are considered from the point of view of autotrophic concepts. The idea is expressed about the future technologies of an autotrophic plan.
提出了一项拯救人类的自养大型工程。给出了自养自然-社会系统的系统积分特征。阐述了现代工程教育的主要弊端。从自养概念的角度考虑了原子能量学和氢能量学的优缺点。这个想法是关于自养计划的未来技术的表达。
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引用次数: 0
Regulation of dynamic characteristics of bridge spans in the conditions of the changing impact of the temporary moving load 临时移动荷载作用下桥梁跨径动力特性的变化规律
Pub Date : 2021-02-25 DOI: 10.18572/2686-8598-2021-4-1-4-19
V. Kartopoltsev, A. V. Kartopoltsev
It is known that an unregulated structure is likened to an unadjusted musical instrument [7]. The adjusted dynamic stress-strain state of the bridge spans will be adequate to the parameters of the design and operational state as a result of the introduction of regulation and control of fl uctuations in the conditions of the changing impact of the temporary mobile load. Methods for regulating dynamic characteristics by changing the frequency of natural oscillations of the system, taking into account energy dissipation, as well as introducing into the oscillatory process a transformed form of intense oscillations in the process of artifi cial or selective resonance, in which the oscillations of the system either damp or cease to be dangerous, are especially carefully considered. Attention is focused on the infl uence of the defectiveness of the roadway with an increase in the mass and speed of a temporary moving load. For this purpose, a classifi er of bridge deck defects has been developed to clarify the boundaries of the eff ect of a defect on the dynamic operation of a structure [1, 3]. Analysis of the structural content and criteria for determining shows the insuffi ciency of the components assessing the eff ect of the temporary mobile load on the span under non-stationary oscillations, and also reveals contradictions in the assessment of the dynamic additive . The practical use of the research results is advisable by the Ministry of Transport Construction in the implementation of state national programs and projects for improving structures, calculation methods, design and operation of bridge structures
众所周知,一个不规范的结构就像一个未调整的乐器[7]。在临时移动荷载影响变化的条件下,引入波动调节和控制,调整后的桥梁跨动应力-应变状态将足以满足设计参数和运行状态。通过改变系统的自然振荡频率来调节动态特性的方法,考虑到能量耗散,以及在振荡过程中引入人工或选择性共振过程中的强烈振荡的转换形式,其中系统的振荡要么受到阻尼,要么不再是危险的,特别仔细地考虑了这些方法。重点研究了临时移动荷载的质量和速度增加对巷道缺陷的影响。为此,已经开发了桥面缺陷分类器,以明确缺陷对结构动力运行影响的边界[1,3]。对结构含量和确定标准的分析表明,构件在评估非平稳振荡作用下临时移动荷载对跨的影响时存在不足,同时也揭示了动力加量评估中的矛盾。研究成果可供交通建设部在实施国家有关桥梁结构改进、计算方法、设计和运营的规划和工程中推广应用
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引用次数: 1
On the issue of biofuel production in the conditions of forests of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Volga region 关于在伏尔加河地区草原和森林-草原地带的森林条件下生产生物燃料的问题
Pub Date : 2021-02-25 DOI: 10.18572/2686-8598-2021-4-1-41-48
S. Fokin
The need for energy for the needs of the economy is constantly increasing, which leads to an increase in production and volumes of burning fossil fuels. Modern processing technology of renewable energy sources, including wood, allow you to use it for energy. One of the perspective directions of processing wood waste is their grinding machines on rubitelnymi felling area.
经济对能源的需求不断增加,这导致化石燃料的产量和燃烧量增加。包括木材在内的可再生能源的现代加工技术使您可以将其用作能源。废木材加工的前景方向之一是红宝石采伐区的磨矿机。
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引用次数: 0
THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE FROM NPP SPENT FUEL USING NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION 核嬗变法处理核电站乏燃料放射性废物的主要问题
Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.18572/2686-8598-2019-3-3-41-56
G. Tikhomirov, A. Gerasimov
the main problems associated with research on transmutation, and whichshould be paid attention to by today's young researchers, are formulated. The processes of formation of hazardous nuclides during transmutation in reactor facilities are considered. The goals of transmutation and the choice of nuclides to be transmuted are discussed. The concept of radiotoxicity is explained as a measure of the radiological hazard of radio-active nuclides, based on the maximum permissible concentration of nuclides according to the IAEA standards. The problem of the formation of secondary radioactive nuclides in nuclear fuel during generation of neutrons for transmutation is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods of transmutation in nuclear installations are con-sidered: inclusion of transmutable nuclides in nuclear fuel in fast reactors, transmutation in specialized thermal and fast transmutation reactor installations and ADS systems. The problem of the accumulation of highly radioactive actinides in a transmutation installa-tion during long-term transmutation and potential hazard of the transmutation instal-lation itself is discussed. The unacceptability of the use of serial nuclear reactors for the transmutation of long-lived fission products has been shown.
阐述了与嬗变研究有关的主要问题,以及当今年轻研究人员应注意的问题。考虑了反应堆设施嬗变过程中危险核素的形成过程。讨论了嬗变的目的和嬗变核素的选择。放射性毒性的概念被解释为放射性核素辐射危害的一种量度,其依据是原子能机构标准规定的核素最大允许浓度。讨论了核燃料发生嬗变中子时次生放射性核素的形成问题。考虑了核设施中各种嬗变方法的优缺点:在快堆的核燃料中包含易变核素,在专门的热和快嬗变反应堆装置和ADS系统中嬗变。讨论了嬗变装置长期嬗变过程中高放射性锕系元素的积累问题和嬗变装置本身的潜在危害。用连续核反应堆来嬗变长寿命的裂变产物是不可接受的。
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引用次数: 1
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EFFECTIVE PROCESSING VISUAL INFORMATION IN THE AUTOMATED OPTICAL-ELECTRONIC SYSTEM OF GROUND-SPACE MONITORING 地空监测自动化光电系统中有效处理视觉信息的理论基础
Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.18572/2686-8598-2019-3-3-26-40
D. Gavrilov, D. Lovtsov, E. Tatarinova
the results of research related to the substantiation of the theoretical founda-tions for constructing effective automated optoelectronic systems for ground-space mon-itoring (AOES GSM) are presented. Scientific and theoretical provisions for solving a com-plex problem of effective processing of visual information in AOES GSM are proposed. The analysis of scientific conditions and the formulation of this problem, the functional and logical decomposition of the complex problem of effective processing of visual in-formation in the AOES GSM into a hierarchical set of partial tasks of less complexity, the development of methodological issues of the information theory of AOES GSM, a logical sequence of stages in the development of object-oriented technology of effective AOES GSM, the methodology solving the complex problem of functioning of AOES GSM.
介绍了为构建有效的地空监测自动化光电系统(AOES GSM)提供理论基础的相关研究成果。为解决AOES GSM中有效处理视觉信息的复杂问题,提出了科学和理论的规定。对科学条件的分析和该问题的表述,对AOES GSM中视觉信息有效处理的复杂问题进行了功能和逻辑分解,将其分解为一组层次较低的部分任务,提出了AOES GSM信息理论的方法论问题,给出了AOES GSM面向对象技术发展阶段的逻辑顺序。该方法解决了AOES GSM的复杂功能问题。
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引用次数: 0
GERM Postulates and Lessons in the Schools and Universities GERM的假设和在学校和大学的教训
Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.18572/2686-8598-2019-3-3-12-25
I. Semushin
although the Global Education Reform Movement has been adopted as a guide-line to follow in modern Russia, it was not given enough thought in the universities com-munity. Meanwhile, a transformation of the Russian educational space – including pri-mary, secondary, high schools and higher education institutions – follows the worldwide trends of challenges. It is noteworthy that in 2018, the GERM Hypothesis has marked its thirtieth anniversary. Until this point in time, it went through a global experimental testing stage. Many countries have gained much experience from adopting the GERM hypothesis. The time has arrived to critically re-evaluate the lessons drawn from the inductive learn-ing. For this purpose, one must return to the fundamentals in order to understand where and what the critical factors of success or failure are laying and to pass again through the spiral of perfection.
尽管全球教育改革运动已被采纳为现代俄罗斯遵循的指导方针,但在大学界却没有给予足够的重视。与此同时,俄罗斯教育空间的转型——包括小学、中学、高中和高等教育机构——顺应了全球挑战的趋势。值得注意的是,2018年是GERM假说诞生30周年。在此之前,它经历了全球实验测试阶段。许多国家在采用GERM假说的过程中积累了丰富的经验。是时候批判性地重新评估归纳学习的经验教训了。为了达到这个目的,一个人必须回到基本面,以便了解成功或失败的关键因素在哪里以及是什么,并再次通过完美的螺旋。
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引用次数: 0
SТRATEGIC APPROACHES OF COMBINED ELECTROTHERMAL PROCESSING OF COAL AND CARBONATE MINERAL RAW MATERIALS FOR OBTAINING OF HIGHLY EFFICIENT SYNTHETIC ENERGY CARRIERS AND NON-FUEL PRODUCTS SТrategic煤与碳酸盐矿物原料热电联处理获得高效合成能源载体和非燃料产品的途径
Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.18572/2686-8598-2019-3-3-5-11
A. V. Zhukov, A. V. Mikhalkov
coal gasification and the production of gaseous fuels include three principal directionsrelated to the production of fuel gas: 1) composition and heat capacity of the produced gas; 2) gas generator structures; 3) characteristic properties of the obtained alternative product -low CO con-tent and gas toxicity, which allow making full use of this gas for domestic purposes. In industrial pro-cesses of coal conversion, the following combined technologies are used most often: — semi-cok-ing + gasification of fixed ash (low-temperature coke); — semi-coking + hydrogenation of liquid product (tar); — gasification + synthesis of high molecular weight hydrocarbons from the produced SYN gas (СО+Н) (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis). The choice of the layout for obtaining SLF (synthetic liquid fuel) can be based on specific conditions, the cost and quality of coal, energy supply, market conditions. The products obtained in the process of gasification and hydrogenation of coals pollute the atmosphere much less than the coal burned in electrical power plants. When implementing the organizational and technological model of innovative production, the first stage includes the following combined approaches for the processing of mineral raw materials and new products: 1. processing of carbonic mineral raw materials: calcium carbide, carbon dioxide (in a gaseous, liquid or solid state); 2. acetylene, plant growth regulators (PGRs), plant protection products (TAKAR).The second stage includes fuel and non-fuel products: 1. synthetic ethyl alcohol (ethanol), anti-freeze, ethylene glycol, dichloroethane, synthetic drying oils, acetone, etc .; 2. carbamide (urea), am-monia, nitrogen in gaseous and liquid states, methanol, gasoline, etc.
煤的气化和气体燃料的生产包括与燃料气的生产有关的三个主要方向:1)所产气体的组成和热容量;2)燃气发生器结构;3)获得的替代产品的特性-低CO含量和气体毒性,可以充分利用该气体用于家庭用途。在煤转化的工业过程中,最常用的组合技术是:固定灰半焦化+气化(低温焦炭);-半焦化+加氢液体产品(焦油);-气化+从生成的SYN气体合成高分子量碳氢化合物(СО+Н)(费托合成)。获取合成液体燃料的布置选择可根据具体条件、煤的成本和质量、能源供应、市场情况等进行。煤在气化和加氢过程中产生的产物对大气的污染比发电厂燃烧的煤少得多。在实施创新生产的组织和技术模式时,第一阶段包括以下矿物原料和新产品加工的组合方法:碳酸盐矿物原料加工:电石、二氧化碳(气态、液态或固态);2. 乙炔、植物生长调节剂(pgr)、植物保护产品(TAKAR)。第二阶段包括燃料产品和非燃料产品:合成乙醇(乙醇)、防冻剂、乙二醇、二氯乙烷、合成干燥油、丙酮等;2. 尿素、氨、气态和液态氮、甲醇、汽油等。
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引用次数: 0
THE CONNECTION OF MACROSCOPIC VALUES WITH THE MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOLIDS 宏观数值与固体微观特性的联系
Pub Date : 2019-06-11 DOI: 10.18572/2686-8598-2019-2-2-33-39
K. M. Erokhin, E. S. Kalachnikov
A relationship between the macroscopic parameters, such as the elastic mod-ulus and the sound speed with the binding energy of an individual atom, has been ob-tained. The formulas are offered to calculate the speed of sound and the Young’s modulus Jung module in the metal rod.
得到了弹性模量、声速等宏观参数与单个原子结合能之间的关系。给出了计算金属杆内声速和杨氏模量荣格模的公式。
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引用次数: 0
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF UNSTEADY HYDRODYNAMICSIN UNDERWATER EXPLOSION 水下爆炸非定常水动力理论基础
Pub Date : 2019-06-11 DOI: 10.18572/2686-8598-2019-2-2-40-56
N. Sidnyaev’
Presents the results of research related to the study of major phenomena of the underwater explosion. Outlines the basic phenomena of the impacts of underwater ex-plosion on the hydrodynamics. It is shown that the nature of the perturbation distribution depends on the physical and chemical properties of explosives. The equations of motion of compressible fluids in different wording for integration within the volume bounded by the front of the shock wave and the surface wave of depression that follows the wave of compression at some distance. Waves of compression and rarefaction intersect at the free sea surface, in the vicinity of which the conditions of rapid expansion. The boundary conditions are derived from the equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy.
介绍了水下爆炸主要现象研究的相关研究成果。概述了水下爆炸对水力学影响的基本现象。结果表明,微扰分布的性质取决于炸药的物理和化学性质。以激波锋面和压缩波后一段距离的凹陷表面波为界的体积内积分的可压缩流体的不同表述的运动方程。压缩波和稀疏波在自由海面相交,在自由海面附近形成迅速膨胀的条件。边界条件由质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程和能量守恒方程导出。
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引用次数: 0
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Professor’s Journal. Series: Technical science
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