Pub Date : 2018-06-20DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76831
Wellman Ribón
About 150 species belong to the Mycobacterium genus and are known as acid-fast bacillus. These bacteria are widely distributed in different ecosystems and it can be isolated from water, soil, or air. The Mycobacterium genus has a great metabolic diversity that has allowed them to adapt and survive in almost all environmental conditions. They are called slow-growing bacteria, because of their long generation times in comparison with other bacterial genus. Currently, there are new species which are being studied in order to be classified as new members of the Mycobacterium genus.
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Scientific Research on Mycobacteria and the Absence of Evaluation Processes","authors":"Wellman Ribón","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.76831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76831","url":null,"abstract":"About 150 species belong to the Mycobacterium genus and are known as acid-fast bacillus. These bacteria are widely distributed in different ecosystems and it can be isolated from water, soil, or air. The Mycobacterium genus has a great metabolic diversity that has allowed them to adapt and survive in almost all environmental conditions. They are called slow-growing bacteria, because of their long generation times in comparison with other bacterial genus. Currently, there are new species which are being studied in order to be classified as new members of the Mycobacterium genus.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"333 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133842750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-20DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73542
Overview o.N.T.M.L. Diseases
{"title":"Overview of Non Tuberculosis Mycobacterial Lung Diseases","authors":"Overview o.N.T.M.L. Diseases","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.73542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73542","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131879172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75004
Y. Martínez-Martínez, Herminia GuadalupeMartínez-Rodríguez, S. Said-Fernández
Tuberculosis is a transmissible disease, which is primarily caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and by other Mycobacterium species, forming the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Until the end of the 20th Century, most cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were considered curable. Nevertheless, the rising of tuberculosis resistant to firstand second-line anti-tuberculous drugs is threatening the world’s tuberculosis control programs. Due to this fact, the World Health Organization and other public health institutions recommended applying the conventional methods, affordable by low-incoming countries, to diagnose tuberculosis and to develop faster and more sensitive and specific methods to identifyM. tuberculosis and determine their condition of anti-tuberculous drug resistance or drug sensitivity. In this chapter, we mention the most used conventional and molecular methods designed to identify M. tuberculosis and to determine their drug sensitivity or drug resistance. We also briefly describe the fundamentals of methods and its advantages and limitations.
{"title":"Conventional and Molecular Diagnosis of Drug-Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis","authors":"Y. Martínez-Martínez, Herminia GuadalupeMartínez-Rodríguez, S. Said-Fernández","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75004","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis is a transmissible disease, which is primarily caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and by other Mycobacterium species, forming the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Until the end of the 20th Century, most cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were considered curable. Nevertheless, the rising of tuberculosis resistant to firstand second-line anti-tuberculous drugs is threatening the world’s tuberculosis control programs. Due to this fact, the World Health Organization and other public health institutions recommended applying the conventional methods, affordable by low-incoming countries, to diagnose tuberculosis and to develop faster and more sensitive and specific methods to identifyM. tuberculosis and determine their condition of anti-tuberculous drug resistance or drug sensitivity. In this chapter, we mention the most used conventional and molecular methods designed to identify M. tuberculosis and to determine their drug sensitivity or drug resistance. We also briefly describe the fundamentals of methods and its advantages and limitations.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129563213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73546
Dushyant Dudhagara, B. Dave
The genus Mycobacterium has the ability to degrade various environmental pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Mycobacterium has an ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions and it has been considered for future bio- remediation applications for the removal of PAH contaminants from crude oil–polluted sites. The degradation of PAHs using a cost-effective laboratory microcosm system was discussed. The various conditions such as environmental habitat, degradation behavior, enzymatic mechanisms, and ecological survival are thoroughly discussed in this chapter. Based on the above study, Mycobacterium has proved to be a better candidate in bioreme diation of PAH-contaminated sites.
{"title":"Mycobacterium as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Degrader","authors":"Dushyant Dudhagara, B. Dave","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73546","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Mycobacterium has the ability to degrade various environmental pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Mycobacterium has an ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions and it has been considered for future bio- remediation applications for the removal of PAH contaminants from crude oil–polluted sites. The degradation of PAHs using a cost-effective laboratory microcosm system was discussed. The various conditions such as environmental habitat, degradation behavior, enzymatic mechanisms, and ecological survival are thoroughly discussed in this chapter. Based on the above study, Mycobacterium has proved to be a better candidate in bioreme diation of PAH-contaminated sites.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120945451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75003
K. H. Bhat, Imtiyaz Yaseen
Macrophages mediate the first line of defense in the host against various intracellular path- ogens. They are armed with several immune-effector mechanisms to detect and combat pathogens. However, intracellular pathogens have developed strategies to overcome the macrophage protective immune responses and colonize inside the macrophages. Tuberculosis (TB), both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, is an infectious disease of global concern caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis . M . tuberculosis is a highly successful pathogen and has acquired various strategies to downregulate critical innate-effector immune responses of macrophages such as phagosome-lysosome fusion, antigen presentation, autophagy, and inhibition of reactive oxygen (ROI) and reactive nitrogen (RNI) species to ensure its longer survival inside the macrophages. In addition to these, the bacilli also modulate Tcell immune response which can help the bacilli to survive inside the host for a long time. In this chapter, we focus to describe important macrophage innate defense mechanisms and the signaling that can influence Tcell adaptive response and the strategies adopted by the bacilli to exploit these signaling cascades to favor its replication and persistence inside the macrophages for establishing a productive infection. by macrophage surveillance their safe which in designing suitable interventions against
{"title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Macrophage Takeover and Modulation of Innate Effector Responses","authors":"K. H. Bhat, Imtiyaz Yaseen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75003","url":null,"abstract":"Macrophages mediate the first line of defense in the host against various intracellular path- ogens. They are armed with several immune-effector mechanisms to detect and combat pathogens. However, intracellular pathogens have developed strategies to overcome the macrophage protective immune responses and colonize inside the macrophages. Tuberculosis (TB), both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, is an infectious disease of global concern caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis . M . tuberculosis is a highly successful pathogen and has acquired various strategies to downregulate critical innate-effector immune responses of macrophages such as phagosome-lysosome fusion, antigen presentation, autophagy, and inhibition of reactive oxygen (ROI) and reactive nitrogen (RNI) species to ensure its longer survival inside the macrophages. In addition to these, the bacilli also modulate Tcell immune response which can help the bacilli to survive inside the host for a long time. In this chapter, we focus to describe important macrophage innate defense mechanisms and the signaling that can influence Tcell adaptive response and the strategies adopted by the bacilli to exploit these signaling cascades to favor its replication and persistence inside the macrophages for establishing a productive infection. by macrophage surveillance their safe which in designing suitable interventions against","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114401220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The genome stability of attenuated live BCG vaccine preventing the acute forms of childhood tuberculosis is an important aspect of vaccine production. The pur pose of our study was a whole genome comparative analysis of BCG sub-strains and identification of potential triggers of sub-strains’ transition. Results: Genomes of three BCG Russia seed lots (1963, 1982, 2006 years) have been sequenced, and the stability of vaccine sub-strain genomes has been confirmed. A com parative genome analysis of nine Mycobacterium bovis BCG and three M. bovis strains revealed their specific genome features associated with prophage profiles. A number of prophage-coded homologs to Caudovirales ORFs were common to all BCG genomes. Prophage profiles of BCG Tice and BCG Montreal genomes were unique and coded homologs to herpes viruses ORFs. The data of phylogenetic analysis of BCG sub-strain groups based on whole genome sequences and genome restriction maps were in con - gruence with prophage profiles. The only fragmentary similarity of specific prophage sequences of BCG Tice, BCG Montreal, and BCG Russia 368 in pair-wise alignments was observed, suggesting the impact of prophages on mosaic structure of genomes. Conclusions: The whole genome sequencing approach is essential for genomes with mosaic structure, harboring numerous prophage sequences. Tools for prophage search are effective instruments in this analysis.
背景:预防儿童急性结核的减毒活疫苗的基因组稳定性是疫苗生产的一个重要方面。本研究的目的是对卡介苗亚株进行全基因组比较分析，并鉴定亚株转变的潜在触发因素。结果:对俄罗斯卡介苗1963年、1982年和2006年三个种子批次的基因组进行了测序，证实了疫苗亚株基因组的稳定性。对9株牛分枝杆菌卡介苗和3株牛分枝杆菌的基因组进行比较分析，揭示了它们与原噬菌体谱相关的特定基因组特征。许多与Caudovirales orf同源的噬菌体编码同源物在所有BCG基因组中都是共同的。BCG Tice和BCG Montreal基因组的噬菌体谱与疱疹病毒orf具有编码同源性。基于全基因组序列和基因组限制性内切图的卡介苗亚株群系统发育分析数据与原噬菌体图谱基本一致。BCG Tice、BCG Montreal和BCG Russia 368的特异前噬菌体序列在两两比对中仅有片段相似，提示前噬菌体对基因组镶嵌结构的影响。结论:全基因组测序方法对含有大量前噬菌体序列的镶嵌结构基因组至关重要。噬菌体搜索工具是这种分析的有效工具。
{"title":"Mosaic Structure as the Main Feature of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Genomes","authors":"Voronina Olga Lvovna, Aksenova Ekaterina Ivanovna, KundaMarina Sergeevna, Ryzhova Natalia Nikolaevna, Semenov AndreyNikolaevich, Sharapova Natalia Eugenievna, Gintsburg AlexandrLeonidovich","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75005","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The genome stability of attenuated live BCG vaccine preventing the acute forms of childhood tuberculosis is an important aspect of vaccine production. The pur pose of our study was a whole genome comparative analysis of BCG sub-strains and identification of potential triggers of sub-strains’ transition. Results: Genomes of three BCG Russia seed lots (1963, 1982, 2006 years) have been sequenced, and the stability of vaccine sub-strain genomes has been confirmed. A com parative genome analysis of nine Mycobacterium bovis BCG and three M. bovis strains revealed their specific genome features associated with prophage profiles. A number of prophage-coded homologs to Caudovirales ORFs were common to all BCG genomes. Prophage profiles of BCG Tice and BCG Montreal genomes were unique and coded homologs to herpes viruses ORFs. The data of phylogenetic analysis of BCG sub-strain groups based on whole genome sequences and genome restriction maps were in con - gruence with prophage profiles. The only fragmentary similarity of specific prophage sequences of BCG Tice, BCG Montreal, and BCG Russia 368 in pair-wise alignments was observed, suggesting the impact of prophages on mosaic structure of genomes. Conclusions: The whole genome sequencing approach is essential for genomes with mosaic structure, harboring numerous prophage sequences. Tools for prophage search are effective instruments in this analysis.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125419362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76001
O. Oladimeji, D. Adeyinka, LehlogonoloMakola, K. H. Mitonga, E. Udoh, B. Ushie, K. Oladimeji, J. Chikovore, M. Mabaso, A. Adeleke, OsmanEltayeb, Oluwatoyin J. Kuye, G. Mustapha, Olusoji MayowaIge, J. N. Mbatha, J. Creswell, J. Tsoka-Gwegweni, L. Lawson, E. Igumbor
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Abstract Background: Quality care is essential to the well-being and survival of people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The aim of this study is to explore how MDR- TB patients, who were voluntarily hospitalized, perceived care and treatment strategy and to assess the influence of psychosocial factors on their perception of care and treatment strategy in Nigeria. Methods: The study enrolled 98 MDR-TB patients on voluntary confinement in four MDR-TB hospitals in Nigeria. Patients ’ perceptions of quality of care and treatment strategy were evaluated with 28-item and 6-item instru- ments, respectively. Bivariate analysis was used to test for an association and multivariate analysis for factors that might contribute to the perceived quality of care. Results: Seventy-eight per cent (78%) of the participating patients perceived the quality of care to be good. Patients with better psychosocial well-being had five times higher odds to report good quality of care. Conclusion: The majority of MDR-TB patients perceived the quality of inpatient care to be good in Nigerian hospitals; however, their psychological health influenced their perception significantly. Health care providers need to improve treatment strategies to encourage acceptance of care as poor perception to health care service delivery may deter treatment completion and also cause relapse among clients on treatment.
{"title":"Clients’ Perception of Quality of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment and Care in Resource-Limited Setting: Experience from Nigeria","authors":"O. Oladimeji, D. Adeyinka, LehlogonoloMakola, K. H. Mitonga, E. Udoh, B. Ushie, K. Oladimeji, J. Chikovore, M. Mabaso, A. Adeleke, OsmanEltayeb, Oluwatoyin J. Kuye, G. Mustapha, Olusoji MayowaIge, J. N. Mbatha, J. Creswell, J. Tsoka-Gwegweni, L. Lawson, E. Igumbor","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76001","url":null,"abstract":"Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Abstract Background: Quality care is essential to the well-being and survival of people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The aim of this study is to explore how MDR- TB patients, who were voluntarily hospitalized, perceived care and treatment strategy and to assess the influence of psychosocial factors on their perception of care and treatment strategy in Nigeria. Methods: The study enrolled 98 MDR-TB patients on voluntary confinement in four MDR-TB hospitals in Nigeria. Patients ’ perceptions of quality of care and treatment strategy were evaluated with 28-item and 6-item instru- ments, respectively. Bivariate analysis was used to test for an association and multivariate analysis for factors that might contribute to the perceived quality of care. Results: Seventy-eight per cent (78%) of the participating patients perceived the quality of care to be good. Patients with better psychosocial well-being had five times higher odds to report good quality of care. Conclusion: The majority of MDR-TB patients perceived the quality of inpatient care to be good in Nigerian hospitals; however, their psychological health influenced their perception significantly. Health care providers need to improve treatment strategies to encourage acceptance of care as poor perception to health care service delivery may deter treatment completion and also cause relapse among clients on treatment.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127429681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-02DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73549
Edson Machado, C. Cerdeira, A. B. Miranda, M. Catanho
Since the first edition of this book in 2013, many new tools and databases have become publicly available, as well as several have been discontinued. Here, we present an updated version of web resources on tuberculosis, providing more detailed information on some key concepts. However, the purpose of this chapter is by no means to offer an exhaustive list of all the resources available on the Internet about TB, the topic of this book. This would be a massive and perhaps futile work since the evolution of the Internet occurs at a very fast pace. Rather, this chapter concentrates on a selection of the most important, relevant and stable websites with relevance to several aspects of TB, such as research, treatment, main institutions, funding, and specialized platforms. We think this should complement all the other information already presented in this book, offering the reader a more integrated view of the disease, as well as access to new platforms and systems specialized in the analysis of data generated by a series of new technologies such as DNA sequencing.
{"title":"Web Resources on Tuberculosis: Information, Research, and Data Analysis","authors":"Edson Machado, C. Cerdeira, A. B. Miranda, M. Catanho","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73549","url":null,"abstract":"Since the first edition of this book in 2013, many new tools and databases have become publicly available, as well as several have been discontinued. Here, we present an updated version of web resources on tuberculosis, providing more detailed information on some key concepts. However, the purpose of this chapter is by no means to offer an exhaustive list of all the resources available on the Internet about TB, the topic of this book. This would be a massive and perhaps futile work since the evolution of the Internet occurs at a very fast pace. Rather, this chapter concentrates on a selection of the most important, relevant and stable websites with relevance to several aspects of TB, such as research, treatment, main institutions, funding, and specialized platforms. We think this should complement all the other information already presented in this book, offering the reader a more integrated view of the disease, as well as access to new platforms and systems specialized in the analysis of data generated by a series of new technologies such as DNA sequencing.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"291 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134600627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-23DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73583
O. Oladimeji, J. Tsoka-Gwegweni, L. Mlangeni, L. Makola, Olusegun Awolaran
Background : Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent human infections and is the second leading cause of deaths from infectious diseases worldwide, and Nigeria is the fourth among the 22 high-burden countries in the world for tuberculosis even though the exact burden of TB in Nigeria is not known. Methods : The study used exploratory cross-sectional design. A multistage stratified ran - dom sampling technique was used to select 680 participants from 16 DOTS facilities in one state in Nigeria. Results : The results show that 59.25% (410) of individuals believed that the quality of access to care was excellent, 78.44% (542) of individuals believed that the appearance of the healthcare facility they attended was excellent, 75.40% (518) of individuals believed that there were many people accessing healthcare facilities and 82.33% (559) reported that they waited less than 30 minutes at a healthcare facility. Conclusions : Providing good was generally satisfactory. Findings from this study are relevant for policy formation and strategic implementation for TB control program in resource-limited settings. its association with HIV), health literacy (TB-related knowledge and education) and sociocultural (gender roles and status in the family) factors, whereas provider-/system-level barriers include provider’s degree of suspicion for TB, the number and types of providers seen before TB diagnosis, provider adherence to national TB program guidelines and patient satisfaction with TB services [2, 6, 7]. Due to these challenges, a comprehensive understand-ing of barriers is needed in order to provide insight into TB service programs, research and policy. It is against this background that this study was designed to determine individual and provider’s barriers and delays that limit access and adherence to TB services.
{"title":"Patients and Health System-Related Factors Impacting on Tuberculosis Program Implementation in Resource-Constrained Settings: Experience from Multi-TB Facilities in Oyo State, South-West of Nigeria","authors":"O. Oladimeji, J. Tsoka-Gwegweni, L. Mlangeni, L. Makola, Olusegun Awolaran","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73583","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent human infections and is the second leading cause of deaths from infectious diseases worldwide, and Nigeria is the fourth among the 22 high-burden countries in the world for tuberculosis even though the exact burden of TB in Nigeria is not known. Methods : The study used exploratory cross-sectional design. A multistage stratified ran - dom sampling technique was used to select 680 participants from 16 DOTS facilities in one state in Nigeria. Results : The results show that 59.25% (410) of individuals believed that the quality of access to care was excellent, 78.44% (542) of individuals believed that the appearance of the healthcare facility they attended was excellent, 75.40% (518) of individuals believed that there were many people accessing healthcare facilities and 82.33% (559) reported that they waited less than 30 minutes at a healthcare facility. Conclusions : Providing good was generally satisfactory. Findings from this study are relevant for policy formation and strategic implementation for TB control program in resource-limited settings. its association with HIV), health literacy (TB-related knowledge and education) and sociocultural (gender roles and status in the family) factors, whereas provider-/system-level barriers include provider’s degree of suspicion for TB, the number and types of providers seen before TB diagnosis, provider adherence to national TB program guidelines and patient satisfaction with TB services [2, 6, 7]. Due to these challenges, a comprehensive understand-ing of barriers is needed in order to provide insight into TB service programs, research and policy. It is against this background that this study was designed to determine individual and provider’s barriers and delays that limit access and adherence to TB services.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122587556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69594
L. Nieto, C. Mehaffy, K. Dobos
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ), is the main cause of death due to an infectious disease. After more than 100 years of the discovery of Mtb , clinicians still face difficulties finding an effective treatment for the increasing number of drug-resistant cases. The difficulties in the clinical setting can be related to the slow pace at which the understanding of the physiology of this bacterium has occurred. Mtb is distinct from other microorganisms not only due to its slow growth and difficulties to study in the laboratory, but also due to its inherent physiology such as its complex cell envelope and its metabolic pathways. Understanding the physiology of drug susceptible and resistant Mtb strains is crucial for the design of an effective chemotherapy against TB. This chapter will review the mycobacterial cell envelope and major physiological pathways together with recent discoveries in Mtb drug resistance through different “omics” disciplines.
{"title":"The Physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Context of Drug Resistance: A System Biology Perspective","authors":"L. Nieto, C. Mehaffy, K. Dobos","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69594","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ), is the main cause of death due to an infectious disease. After more than 100 years of the discovery of Mtb , clinicians still face difficulties finding an effective treatment for the increasing number of drug-resistant cases. The difficulties in the clinical setting can be related to the slow pace at which the understanding of the physiology of this bacterium has occurred. Mtb is distinct from other microorganisms not only due to its slow growth and difficulties to study in the laboratory, but also due to its inherent physiology such as its complex cell envelope and its metabolic pathways. Understanding the physiology of drug susceptible and resistant Mtb strains is crucial for the design of an effective chemotherapy against TB. This chapter will review the mycobacterial cell envelope and major physiological pathways together with recent discoveries in Mtb drug resistance through different “omics” disciplines.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130625591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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