Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.1177/09683445231193882
Chan Yang
This paper explores the British government’s measures for its civilian subjects stranded as ‘enemy aliens’ in Japanese-controlled areas in the Far East during World War II. The British government tried to protect the interests of these Far Eastern subjects during the war and in the immediate postwar period. Its manner of dealing with the latter’s redress movement from the late 1980s was initially reluctant but eventually became relatively adequate, thanks to the twin pressures of domestic public opinion and precedents set by other former Allied governments and the resolute struggles of the ex–Far Eastern subjects themselves.
{"title":"Perplexities Between Enemy Aliens and Their Motherland: The UK Government's Measures for British Civilians Stranded in the Far East, 1941–2011","authors":"Chan Yang","doi":"10.1177/09683445231193882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231193882","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the British government’s measures for its civilian subjects stranded as ‘enemy aliens’ in Japanese-controlled areas in the Far East during World War II. The British government tried to protect the interests of these Far Eastern subjects during the war and in the immediate postwar period. Its manner of dealing with the latter’s redress movement from the late 1980s was initially reluctant but eventually became relatively adequate, thanks to the twin pressures of domestic public opinion and precedents set by other former Allied governments and the resolute struggles of the ex–Far Eastern subjects themselves.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44936276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1177/09683445231181897
Massimiliano Fiore
German and Finnish forces encircled Leningrad in the fall of 1941, but were unable to complete the siege. A passage across Lake Ladoga, through which the Soviets sustained the defence of the city, remained open. To enforce the siege, the German Maritime Warfare Command ordered that light naval forces be transferred to Lake Ladoga. However, the Germans did not have those boats at their disposal and asked the Italians to provide them. Based on a critique of archival sources, this article analyses this largely neglected aspect of the Leningrad campaign and argues that, although the performance of the Regia Marina was excellent, its activity was not decisive in breaking Soviet resistance and forcing the fall of Leningrad. Even though circumstances prevented the Regia Marina from making the impact that its planners had wanted – a naval guerrilla force on Lake Ladoga could never have achieved a tight blockade of Leningrad – the campaign on Lake Ladoga offers an important and enlightening example of Axis wartime collaboration.
{"title":"The Neglected Campaign: The Italian Navy Contribution to the Siege of Leningrad","authors":"Massimiliano Fiore","doi":"10.1177/09683445231181897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231181897","url":null,"abstract":"German and Finnish forces encircled Leningrad in the fall of 1941, but were unable to complete the siege. A passage across Lake Ladoga, through which the Soviets sustained the defence of the city, remained open. To enforce the siege, the German Maritime Warfare Command ordered that light naval forces be transferred to Lake Ladoga. However, the Germans did not have those boats at their disposal and asked the Italians to provide them. Based on a critique of archival sources, this article analyses this largely neglected aspect of the Leningrad campaign and argues that, although the performance of the Regia Marina was excellent, its activity was not decisive in breaking Soviet resistance and forcing the fall of Leningrad. Even though circumstances prevented the Regia Marina from making the impact that its planners had wanted – a naval guerrilla force on Lake Ladoga could never have achieved a tight blockade of Leningrad – the campaign on Lake Ladoga offers an important and enlightening example of Axis wartime collaboration.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43338303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231183773e
Sarah L. Miller
{"title":"Book Review: War in the Far East: Japan Runs Wild, 1942–1943 by Peter Harmsen","authors":"Sarah L. Miller","doi":"10.1177/09683445231183773e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231183773e","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"346 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45627008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231183773c
Tim Benbow
{"title":"Book Review: The War for the Seas: A Maritime History of World War II by Evan Mawdsley","authors":"Tim Benbow","doi":"10.1177/09683445231183773c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231183773c","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"343 - 344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46502965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231183773g
Nathaniel L. Moir
the insularity of Irish revisionist debates, citing Ian McBride’s recent criticism of some historians of Irish history for failing to place their work within wider theoretical or comparative frameworks (p.169). However, a weakness of Morrison’s book is that it too suffers from insularity. The extensive reflections in the last two chapters on the entrenched, sometimes personalised, disputes between historians of Ireland risk losing the interest of the military historian or general reader (especially those coming to the topic for the first time). A promising discussion of Alistair Thomson’s work on the ANZAC myth is not developed, neither is a brief reference to the killing of prisoners during the First World War (pp.170, 127). The reader does not learn how the killing at Kilmichael resembles or deviates from other guerrilla campaigns or close combat experiences. The scholarship of Erella Grassiani and Anthony King on combat motivation, cohesion and close combat would have been a good starting point. Retrospective accounts of false surrenders have also characterised controversial killings during the NATO-led campaign in Afghanistan (and many other conflicts). Nonetheless, Morrison has provided an outstanding excavation of one of the most contested days in Ireland’s war for independence.
{"title":"Book Review: The Road to Dien Bien Phu: A History of the First War for Vietnam by Christopher Goscha","authors":"Nathaniel L. Moir","doi":"10.1177/09683445231183773g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231183773g","url":null,"abstract":"the insularity of Irish revisionist debates, citing Ian McBride’s recent criticism of some historians of Irish history for failing to place their work within wider theoretical or comparative frameworks (p.169). However, a weakness of Morrison’s book is that it too suffers from insularity. The extensive reflections in the last two chapters on the entrenched, sometimes personalised, disputes between historians of Ireland risk losing the interest of the military historian or general reader (especially those coming to the topic for the first time). A promising discussion of Alistair Thomson’s work on the ANZAC myth is not developed, neither is a brief reference to the killing of prisoners during the First World War (pp.170, 127). The reader does not learn how the killing at Kilmichael resembles or deviates from other guerrilla campaigns or close combat experiences. The scholarship of Erella Grassiani and Anthony King on combat motivation, cohesion and close combat would have been a good starting point. Retrospective accounts of false surrenders have also characterised controversial killings during the NATO-led campaign in Afghanistan (and many other conflicts). Nonetheless, Morrison has provided an outstanding excavation of one of the most contested days in Ireland’s war for independence.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"349 - 351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48138316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231183773b
A. Malpass
requirements of different services and domains (e.g. carrier versus land-based aircraft). Thirdly, the book challenges popular understandings of the nature of conservativism in naval organizations. Resistance to innovation stems less from vested interests in the status quo and more from lacking systems to decipher strategic uncertainty and make difficult choices among a confusing and wide range of alternatives. This is understandable. There can be an inherent contradiction between what a navy needs right now and the technologies it needs later but that have long gestation periods. Moreover, technologies such as searchlights, shipborne rockets, and rams were dead ends. In addition, countermeasures can be relatively cheap and easily deployable against a now-promising technology. The simple fact that each of the book’s case studies span more than a century of testing and development reinforces these intuitions. Since technological trajectories are so difficult to anticipate, prudent stewardship of national treasure and power demand prolonged testing and listening to feedback from users, especially as technical complexity intensifies. Innovating Victory will appeal to several audiences. Historians of technology will appreciate the way each naval technology developed in relatively unpredictable ways under varying pressures ranging from strategic context to organizational culture. O’Hara and Heinz also consistently emphasize the importance of users and user innovation in determining technological trajectories—another significant theme in technology and culture studies. For political scientists, the case studies blend a mix of top-down and bottom-up innovation processes, a dominant approach in military innovation studies. Finally, for policymakers, the book can increase awareness that emerging technologies today will likely take decades to mature, and inevitably be used in unexpected ways to address unanticipated needs.
{"title":"Book Review: Internment in Switzerland during the First World War by Susan Barton","authors":"A. Malpass","doi":"10.1177/09683445231183773b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231183773b","url":null,"abstract":"requirements of different services and domains (e.g. carrier versus land-based aircraft). Thirdly, the book challenges popular understandings of the nature of conservativism in naval organizations. Resistance to innovation stems less from vested interests in the status quo and more from lacking systems to decipher strategic uncertainty and make difficult choices among a confusing and wide range of alternatives. This is understandable. There can be an inherent contradiction between what a navy needs right now and the technologies it needs later but that have long gestation periods. Moreover, technologies such as searchlights, shipborne rockets, and rams were dead ends. In addition, countermeasures can be relatively cheap and easily deployable against a now-promising technology. The simple fact that each of the book’s case studies span more than a century of testing and development reinforces these intuitions. Since technological trajectories are so difficult to anticipate, prudent stewardship of national treasure and power demand prolonged testing and listening to feedback from users, especially as technical complexity intensifies. Innovating Victory will appeal to several audiences. Historians of technology will appreciate the way each naval technology developed in relatively unpredictable ways under varying pressures ranging from strategic context to organizational culture. O’Hara and Heinz also consistently emphasize the importance of users and user innovation in determining technological trajectories—another significant theme in technology and culture studies. For political scientists, the case studies blend a mix of top-down and bottom-up innovation processes, a dominant approach in military innovation studies. Finally, for policymakers, the book can increase awareness that emerging technologies today will likely take decades to mature, and inevitably be used in unexpected ways to address unanticipated needs.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"341 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43836041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231183773f
Edward Burke
{"title":"Book Review: Kilmichael: The Life and Afterlife of An Ambush by Eve Morrison","authors":"Edward Burke","doi":"10.1177/09683445231183773f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231183773f","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"347 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44138636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231183773a
Kendrick Kuo
written an important book which not only pays more attention than is usual to some of Spain’s fighting units (including the Army of Flanders after 1659), but also – more important – makes clear that Spain remained a key player in the international struggle, as actor rather than passive victim, operating on more fronts than most other contenders in the wars of the period. There is no excuse now for writing off – ignoring – Spain as a military power in the last decades of the seventeenth century; we may also have to reassess the military achievement of Carlos II’s Bourbon successor, Philip V, in the first half of the following century.
{"title":"Book Review: Innovating Victory: Naval Technology in Three Wars by Vincent P. O’Hara and Leonard R. Heinz","authors":"Kendrick Kuo","doi":"10.1177/09683445231183773a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231183773a","url":null,"abstract":"written an important book which not only pays more attention than is usual to some of Spain’s fighting units (including the Army of Flanders after 1659), but also – more important – makes clear that Spain remained a key player in the international struggle, as actor rather than passive victim, operating on more fronts than most other contenders in the wars of the period. There is no excuse now for writing off – ignoring – Spain as a military power in the last decades of the seventeenth century; we may also have to reassess the military achievement of Carlos II’s Bourbon successor, Philip V, in the first half of the following century.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"339 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45373751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231183773d
R. Overy
{"title":"Book Review: Faustian Bargain: The Soviet-German Partnership and the Origins of the Second World War by Ian Ona Johnson","authors":"R. Overy","doi":"10.1177/09683445231183773d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231183773d","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"344 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43655299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231183773
Christopher Storrs
The supposedly decrepit condition of Spain under the last Habsburg, Carlos II (1665-1700) is among the most entrenched of historical commonplaces: apparently unable to defend itself, Spain only survived because others intervened to save it from Louis XIV until its defensive capability was transformed by the new Bourbon dynasty in the eighteenth century. Evidence for this view is found, inter alia in the performance of Spain’s armies. In the sixteenth century Spanish hegemony had rested on its distinctive tercios, but all had come to grief at Rocroi in 1643 in the reign of Carlos II’s father, Philip IV. Worse was to follow under Carlos, with defeats in Flanders, in Italy, and in Spain itself, where in 1697 Louis XIV’s forces captured Barcelona. In recent decades, however, revisionist historians – including Luis Ribot, Antonio Rodriguez Hernandez and Davide Maffi – have exploited the extensive source materials in the Guerra Antigua series at Simancas to question the received opinion on Spain’s military performance in the last third of the seventeenth century. In the book under review Maffi uses this work to provide a synthesis which challenges virtually every aspect of a ‘black legend’ about Spain’s armies in this period. Chapter 1 provides a narrative of the performance of Spain’s armies from the War of Devolution (1667–1668) to the Nine Years War (1688– 1697). This broadly chronological and often detailed survey underpins the more analytical chapters which follow and allows Maffi to advance some preliminary revisionist claims regarding the participation in those conflicts of the Spanish armies – and of the Dutch, English, French and Imperial armies. While Spanish intervention was crucial on occasion, the broader implication is clear: the importance of the Spanish contribution to the overall success of the allies on many fronts in confronting and restraining Louis XIV before 1700. Chapter 2 begins with an invaluable discussion of the character of European warfare in the period – one which all interested in that broad topic will find useful – in part in order to refute those who see Spanish avoidance of battle as indicative of some fundamental lack of martial spirit. Not so, says Maffi, it was driven by a prudent wish to conserve resources which informed the mindset as well of Austrian, Dutch, English and French commanders. Sieges and ‘little war’ were what war was about. Book Reviews
在最后一位哈布斯堡王朝卡洛斯二世(Carlos II, 1665-1700)统治下，西班牙被认为是老朽的状态，这是历史上最根深蒂固的常见现象之一:西班牙显然无法自卫，只有在别人的干预下才得以幸存，直到18世纪新的波旁王朝改变了它的防御能力。这种观点的证据可以从西班牙军队的表现中找到。在16世纪，西班牙的霸权建立在其独特的三角王朝上，但在1643年卡洛斯二世的父亲菲利普四世统治下，所有的三角王朝都在罗克罗瓦(Rocroi)惨败。更糟糕的是，在卡洛斯统治下，法兰德斯(Flanders)、意大利和西班牙本土都遭遇了失败，1697年路易十四的军队占领了巴塞罗那。然而，近几十年来，修正主义历史学家——包括路易斯·里博特、安东尼奥·罗德里格斯·埃尔南德斯和达维德·马非——利用了西曼卡斯的古拉·安提瓜系列中大量的原始材料，对人们对西班牙在17世纪后三分之一时期军事表现的普遍看法提出了质疑。在这本书中，马菲用这项工作提供了一个综合，几乎挑战了这个时期关于西班牙军队的“黑色传说”的每一个方面。第一章叙述了西班牙军队从权力下放战争(1667-1668)到九年战争(1688 - 1697)的表现。这种大致按时间顺序排列的、经常是详细的调查支持了后面的更具分析性的章节，并允许马菲提出一些关于西班牙军队以及荷兰、英国、法国和帝国军队参与这些冲突的初步修正主义主张。虽然西班牙的干预有时是至关重要的，但更广泛的含义是明确的:在1700年之前，西班牙对盟友在许多战线上对抗和遏制路易十四的整体成功做出了重要贡献。第二章一开始就对这一时期欧洲战争的特点进行了宝贵的讨论所有对这一广泛话题感兴趣的人都会发现这是有用的部分原因是为了反驳那些认为西班牙人逃避战争表明他们根本缺乏战争精神的人。并非如此，马菲说，这是出于节约资源的谨慎愿望，这也影响了奥地利、荷兰、英国和法国指挥官的心态。围攻和“小战争”就是战争的意义所在。书评
{"title":"Book Review: Los Ultimos Tercios. El Ejercito de Carlos II by Davide Maffi","authors":"Christopher Storrs","doi":"10.1177/09683445231183773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231183773","url":null,"abstract":"The supposedly decrepit condition of Spain under the last Habsburg, Carlos II (1665-1700) is among the most entrenched of historical commonplaces: apparently unable to defend itself, Spain only survived because others intervened to save it from Louis XIV until its defensive capability was transformed by the new Bourbon dynasty in the eighteenth century. Evidence for this view is found, inter alia in the performance of Spain’s armies. In the sixteenth century Spanish hegemony had rested on its distinctive tercios, but all had come to grief at Rocroi in 1643 in the reign of Carlos II’s father, Philip IV. Worse was to follow under Carlos, with defeats in Flanders, in Italy, and in Spain itself, where in 1697 Louis XIV’s forces captured Barcelona. In recent decades, however, revisionist historians – including Luis Ribot, Antonio Rodriguez Hernandez and Davide Maffi – have exploited the extensive source materials in the Guerra Antigua series at Simancas to question the received opinion on Spain’s military performance in the last third of the seventeenth century. In the book under review Maffi uses this work to provide a synthesis which challenges virtually every aspect of a ‘black legend’ about Spain’s armies in this period. Chapter 1 provides a narrative of the performance of Spain’s armies from the War of Devolution (1667–1668) to the Nine Years War (1688– 1697). This broadly chronological and often detailed survey underpins the more analytical chapters which follow and allows Maffi to advance some preliminary revisionist claims regarding the participation in those conflicts of the Spanish armies – and of the Dutch, English, French and Imperial armies. While Spanish intervention was crucial on occasion, the broader implication is clear: the importance of the Spanish contribution to the overall success of the allies on many fronts in confronting and restraining Louis XIV before 1700. Chapter 2 begins with an invaluable discussion of the character of European warfare in the period – one which all interested in that broad topic will find useful – in part in order to refute those who see Spanish avoidance of battle as indicative of some fundamental lack of martial spirit. Not so, says Maffi, it was driven by a prudent wish to conserve resources which informed the mindset as well of Austrian, Dutch, English and French commanders. Sieges and ‘little war’ were what war was about. Book Reviews","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"337 - 339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47930560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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