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Enslaved by the Uniform: Contemporary Descriptions of Eighteenth-Century Soldiering. 被制服奴役:对18世纪士兵的当代描述。
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/09683445221105258
Jennine Hurl-Eamon

A wide variety of eighteenth-century authors made comparisons to soldiering and slavery in newspapers, pamphlets and books. The analogy tended to be applied to highlight the lack of personal autonomy and inadequate wages of army service, as well as its harsh punishment and lifetime enlistment periods. While some commentators championed soldiers' rights to better treatment, many had other agendas in mind. It was particularly prominent in anti-abolitionist propaganda, for example. Regardless of their intentions, civilians' soldier-as-slave rhetoric took a toll on the actual men in uniform. The few rank-and-file writers to acknowledge it suggest that the metaphor shamed and humiliated them.

各种各样的18世纪作家在报纸、小册子和书籍中将其与当兵和奴隶制进行比较。这一类比往往被用来强调个人自主权的缺乏和军队服务的工资不足,以及其严厉的惩罚和终身征兵期。虽然一些评论员支持士兵获得更好待遇的权利,但许多人有其他想法。例如,它在反废奴主义宣传中尤为突出。不管他们的意图如何,平民把士兵当奴隶的言论对真正的军人造成了伤害。少数承认这一点的普通作家表示,这个比喻让他们感到羞耻和羞辱。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: The Virtuous Wehrmacht: Crafting the Myth of the German Soldier on the Eastern Front, 1941–1944 by David A. Harrisville 书评:《善良的国防军:塑造1941-1944年东线德国士兵的神话》作者:大卫·a·哈里斯维尔
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/09683445221142270c
Brian E. Crim
seen from Washington, London, and Tokyo, rather than Port Moresby or Rabaul. This focus may be helpful for those new to the theatre, however Carafano’s emphasis on context means that readers are 100 pages into the book before there is any discussion of the first shots fired in combat in Papua. Rather than a detailed narrative, Carafano provides a series of vignettes relating to the campaign. The battles for Kokoda and Isurava in July and August are highlighted, as is an overly positive account of Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger and US forces at Buna in December. These actions bookend the campaign, but much happened in between. Despite the work’s title, there is surprisingly little serious discussion of the brutality or nature of the war in Papua and New Guinea. Readers interested in soldiers’ experiences, tactics and operations, logistics, and the nuances of the Australian–American alliance should consult Peter Brune’s A Bastard of a Place: the Australians in Papua (2003); John C. McManus’s Fire and Fortitude: the US Army in the Pacific War, 1941–1943 (2019); and Peter J. Dean’s MacArthur’s Coalition: US and Australian Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, 1942–1945 (2018) for further detail. Carafano does well to draw on English translations of Japanese source material and publications, and avoids representing the Japanese as an anonymous enemy or repeating simplistic wartime stereotypes. The work’s greatest strength, however, is Carafano’s chapter on the vital contribution of the peoples of Papua, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands to the Allies. Often ignored or represented patronisingly as ‘Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels’ (p. 125), Papuans and New Guineas acted as guides, carriers, labourers, and armed combatants for the Allies (and, at times, the Japanese). Their villages were occupied during the war, communities were relocated, and many – particularly women, children, and the elderly – became displaced refugees. Another point well addressed by Carafano is the theme of war remembrance through (predominantly American) popular culture. ‘Veterans of the Southwest Pacific’, Carafano argues, ‘were perhaps the most frustrated of all, feeling they never got their fair share of attention’. The ‘protracted land campaigns in the Pacific, such as the remote operations in Papua New Guinea, seemed obscure’ when compared to the dominance of the war in Europe (p. 244). He considers representations of the Pacific War through the writing of official histories, soldier memoirs, cinema, and other publications. Brutal War provides a useful introduction to the Second World War in the Southwest Pacific, reminding readers that there was more to the global conflict than Nazis and D-Day.
从华盛顿、伦敦和东京看到,而不是从莫尔兹比港或拉包尔看到。这种关注可能会对戏剧新手有所帮助,然而卡拉法诺对背景的强调意味着读者在阅读这本书100页之后,才会讨论巴布亚战斗中打响的第一枪。比起详细的叙述,卡拉法诺提供了一系列与战役有关的小插曲。书中强调了7月和8月的科科达和伊苏拉瓦战役,以及12月罗伯特·艾切尔伯格中将和美军在布纳的过分乐观的描述。这些行动为竞选划上了句号,但其间发生了很多事情。尽管书名如此,但令人惊讶的是,书中几乎没有严肃讨论巴布亚新几内亚战争的残酷和本质。对士兵的经历、战术和作战、后勤以及澳美同盟的细微差别感兴趣的读者应该参考彼得·布鲁恩的《一个混蛋的地方:澳大利亚人在巴布亚》(2003);约翰C.麦克马纳斯的火与坚韧:太平洋战争中的美军,1941-1943 (2019);彼得·j·迪恩的《麦克阿瑟联盟:美国和澳大利亚在西南太平洋地区的行动,1942-1945》(2018)。卡拉法诺很好地利用了日本原始材料和出版物的英文翻译,避免将日本人描绘成一个匿名的敌人,也避免重复简单化的战时刻板印象。然而,这本书最大的亮点是卡拉法诺关于巴布亚、新几内亚和所罗门群岛人民对盟军的重要贡献的章节。巴布亚人和新几内亚人经常被忽视,或者被傲慢地称为“毛茸茸的小天使”(第125页),他们充当盟军的向导、搬运工、劳工和武装战士(有时也为日本人服务)。他们的村庄在战争期间被占领,社区被重新安置,许多人-特别是妇女、儿童和老人-成为流离失所的难民。卡拉法诺很好地阐述了另一点,即通过(主要是美国)流行文化纪念战争的主题。卡拉法诺认为,“西南太平洋地区的退伍军人可能是最沮丧的,他们觉得自己从来没有得到应有的关注。”与欧洲战争的主导地位相比,“太平洋上旷日持久的陆地战役,比如在巴布亚新几内亚的远程作战,似乎是模糊不清的”(第244页)。他通过撰写官方历史、士兵回忆录、电影和其他出版物来考虑太平洋战争的表现。《残酷的战争》为西南太平洋的第二次世界大战提供了有用的介绍,提醒读者这场全球冲突不仅仅是纳粹和诺曼底登陆。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: When France Fell. The Vichy Crisis and the Fate of the Anglo-American Alliance by Michael S. Neiberg 书评:当法国沦陷。奈伯格的《维希危机与英美同盟的命运》
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/09683445221142270a
D. Porch
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引用次数: 0
Italy in the Era of Total War 全面战争时代的意大利
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/09683445221145291
C. Esdaile
For many years English-language coverage of Italy’s experience of the First and Second World Wars was scarcely superabundant. On the first of these conflicts, for example, until little more than a decade ago the historiography was limited to little more than Cyril Falls’ dated 1965 battle study, Caporetto, and Mark Thompson’s much more detailed but still narrowly military The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1914–1917 (2008). Over the course of the past 10 years, however, two remarkable British historians, John Gooch – a tutor of this reviewer during the latter’s undergraduate career to whom this essay is respectfully dedicated – and Vanda Wilcox, have set the record straight by publishing no fewer than five monographs that cover the whole gamut of war and society in both liberal and fascist Italy. The intention of this review article is to discuss all of them at once so as to highlight, or so it is hoped, the common themes that bind them together. Let us begin with The Italian Army in the First World War. In this work, Gooch offers a concise narrative history of the bloody battles that raged along Italy’s north-eastern frontiers from 1915 to 1917, and in this respect alone it is a useful place to start, not least because it soon becomes clear that the oft-published photographs of Italian and Austro-Hungarian troops manning lonely outposts on lofty Alpine summits are deeply unrepresentative, the vast majority of the fighting taking place on terrain that, if still rugged, was both at an infinitely lower altitude and far more accessible. That said, the Review Article
多年来,英语对意大利第一次和第二次世界大战经历的报道几乎不多。例如,在这些冲突中的第一次冲突中,直到十多年前,史学界还仅限于西里尔·福尔斯1965年的战役研究《卡波雷托》和马克·汤普森更详细但仍然狭隘的军事著作《白色战争:意大利前线的生与死》,1914–1917(2008)。然而,在过去的10年里,两位杰出的英国历史学家约翰·古奇(John Gooch)和万达·威尔考克斯(Vanda Wilcox。这篇综述文章的目的是同时讨论所有这些问题,以突出或希望突出将它们联系在一起的共同主题。让我们从第一次世界大战中的意大利军队开始。在这部作品中,古奇简要叙述了1915年至1917年在意大利东北部边境爆发的血腥战斗的历史,仅就这一点而言,这是一个有用的起点,尤其是因为很快就清楚了,经常出版的意大利和奥匈帝国军队在高山顶峰上驻守孤独哨所的照片非常没有代表性,绝大多数战斗都发生在地形上,尽管地形仍然崎岖不平,但海拔却低得多,而且更容易接近。也就是说,评论文章
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Rational Fog: Science and Technology in Modern War by M. Susan Lindee 书评:《理性迷雾:现代战争中的科学与技术》,作者:苏珊·林迪
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/09683445221142270e
Sean L. Malloy
Charles de Gaulle – wanted French troops on Ivorian soil after independence in order to preserve his rule, minimise spending on his own military, and to focus on internal development (p. 190). Furthermore, the increasingly dictatorial nature of his regime provided a contrast with the more pluralist and democratic politics of Nigeria, at least up until the coup which led to Balewa’s assassination on 15 January 1966 (p. 1). Wyss convincingly argues that these contrasting Nigerian and Ivorian perspectives dovetailed with the priorities of their former overlords. The British were frustrated and disappointed with the collapse of the Defence Agreement with Lagos, but viewed relations with Nigeria through a Cold War lens, concluding that the military price paid – for example, with the April 1963 agreement that gave the Federal Republic of Germany the main role in creating the Nigerian Air Force (pp. 182–183) – was counterbalanced by its strategic benefits. Nigeria may have rejected a formal defence partnership with Britain, but it was at least still broadly pro-Western in orientation, and did not want military assistance from the Soviet bloc. In contrast, the French were determined to maintain a privileged neo-colonialist position over their former African territories, and in Cote d’Ivoire they acted decisively to exclude the USA and Israel from encroaching on training and equipping the Ivorian armed and security forces (pp. 206–209, 260–263). For his part, although Houphouet-Boigny used the threat of external aid to encourage concessions from Paris, notably the permanent stationing of troops at Port-Bouet, he had no intention of abandoning defence ties with France. Wyss’ research, therefore, portrays a fascinating and convincing picture of the complex ties between the recently independent states and the former colonisers, showing that the former were able to bargain with and also gain concessions from the latter, and, in the case of Nigeria, were able to broaden their defence ties with third parties. The Ivorians and Nigerians also emerge in this book as active strategists, conscious of their strengths and weaknesses in their relations with their former rulers, wary (if not paranoid) about potential rivals and threats of subversion (the reviewer was surprised to learn that Nigeria and Cote d’Ivoire came close to launching a military intervention in Togo after the assassination of President Sylvanus Olympio on 13 January 1963), and also adept in both bilateral and multilateral diplomacy. The author’s findings are firmly based on an impressive research effort incorporating British, French, the United States, German, Nigerian, Ghanaian, and Ivorian archives. Postcolonial Security represents a major contribution to the fields of imperial, African, and Cold War history, and is strongly recommended to scholars in these respective fields.
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引用次数: 0
Absence, Agency and Empire: Desertion from the French Army During the First World War 缺席、代理与帝国:第一次世界大战期间法国军队的逃兵
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1177/09683445221133046
C. Eldridge
An estimated 66,678 men deserted from the French Army between 1914 and 1918. Using conseil de guerre (military tribunal) evidence, including interviews with captured deserters, this article shifts the scholarly focus on desertion from quantitative to qualitative data. This methodological move centres the experiences and voices of individual, often marginalised soldiers and demonstrates how desertion enabled otherwise constrained combatants to exercise agency, both when deserting and during the military justice process. Focusing on colonial citizens and subjects mobilised from North Africa, the article draws empire into scholarly conversations surrounding military justice to enhance understanding of France's multi-ethnic army and the specific imperial dimensions of desertion during the First World War.
1914年至1918年间,估计有66678人从法国军队叛逃。利用军事法庭的证据,包括对被俘逃兵的采访,本文将学术界对逃兵的关注从定量数据转移到了定性数据。这一方法论举措集中了往往被边缘化的士兵的个人经历和声音,并表明了逃兵是如何使原本受到限制的战斗人员在逃兵时和军事司法过程中行使代理权的。文章聚焦于从北非动员来的殖民地公民和臣民,将帝国带入围绕军事正义的学术对话中,以增进对法国多民族军队和第一次世界大战期间逃兵的具体帝国层面的理解。
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引用次数: 0
‘First Essentials of Survival’: Ensuring the Support and Compliance of Civilians in the Guerrilla Conflict with Japan on Panay, 1942–1945 “生存的第一要素”:1942-1945年在班乃岛与日本的游击冲突中确保平民的支持和服从
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1177/09683445221136183
Kelly Maddox
This article offers a detailed examination of the strategies employed by the resistance leadership in Panay to mobilize and, if necessary, coerce civilians into supporting them in their guerrilla conflict with Japan. It argues that their ability to adapt and, thereby, continually ensure the support and compliance of the civilian population were as important, if not more so, to their overall success than strictly military accomplishments. The primary aim of this article is to bring the importance of civilians into focus and deepen our historical understanding of a much-understudied and understated aspect of resistance to Japanese occupation in the Philippines.
本文详细分析了班乃岛抵抗运动领导人在与日本的游击战中动员并在必要时强迫平民支持他们所采用的策略。它认为,对于它们的全面成功来说,它们的适应能力,从而不断确保平民的支持和遵守的能力,与严格意义上的军事成就同样重要,甚至更重要。本文的主要目的是将平民的重要性带入焦点,并加深我们对菲律宾抵抗日本占领的一个尚未充分研究和低估的方面的历史理解。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: A Woman’s Place: US Counterterrorism since 9/11 by Joana Cook 书评:《女人的位置:9/11以来的美国反恐》,作者乔安娜·库克
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/09683445221130401g
Hannah West
of India. Apparently, during the spring of 1947, Colonel Akbar Khan and other Muslim officers of the British Indian Army used to meet at Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s residence on Aurangzeb Road in Delhi to plan that clandestine incursion into Kashmir. The reference given is to a book, A Soldier Recalls, by Lieutenant General S. K. Sinha. I have not seen this event mentioned by other writers and its reliability is difficult to assess. But if true, it adds another dimension to the origins of the Kashmir dispute. The great strength of the book is that the overall political situation, the role of key players in civilian governments and of the generals, marshals and commanders are brought into the picture vividly and even-handedly when the wars are discussed. In doing so, the author evaluates the performances of the army, air force and navy and of the main weapons deployed during battles, while highlighting the levels and degrees of coordination of the three services. One gets a holistic, comprehensive overview of those wars. Arjun Subramaniam has undoubtedly produced a compendium on India’s military history, which the public as well as specialists and researchers will find an invaluable work of dedicated scholarship.
印度。显然,1947年春天,阿克巴尔·汗上校和英属印度陆军的其他穆斯林军官曾在穆罕默德·阿里·真纳位于德里奥朗则布路的住所会面,策划对克什米尔的秘密入侵。参考文献是S·K·辛哈中将的一本书《士兵回忆》。我没有看到其他作家提到过这一事件,它的可靠性很难评估。但如果这是真的,它为克什米尔争端的起源增加了另一个层面。这本书的巨大优势在于,在讨论战争时,整体政治局势、文职政府中关键人物以及将军、元帅和指挥官的作用都被生动而公平地展现在画面中。在这样做的过程中,作者评估了陆军、空军和海军以及战斗中部署的主要武器的性能,同时强调了三军的协调水平和程度。人们可以全面、全面地了解这些战争。毫无疑问,Arjun Subramaniam编写了一本关于印度军事史的简编,公众、专家和研究人员都会发现这是一本宝贵的学术著作。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Hitler’s Fatal Miscalculation: Why Germany Declared War on the United States by Klaus H. Schmider 书评:《希特勒的致命误判:德国为何对美国宣战》,克劳斯·施米德著
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/09683445221130401a
Ian Johnson
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: British Expeditionary Warfare and The Defeat of Napoleon, 1793–1815 by Robert K. Sutcliffe 书评:《英国远征战争与拿破仑的失败,1793-1815》,罗伯特·K·萨克利夫著
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/09683445221130401
Aaron Graham
Even in so crowded a field as the military history of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, there are still important and unexplored niches to be found. In looking at the history of the Transport Board between 1794 and 1815, Sutcliffe offers an important and effective study that does an excellent job of filling one of these niches. Founded shortly after the outbreak of war, the Board technically lay under the control of the Treasury and was intended to address the problems of hiring and coordinating the shipping of men and materiel that had dogged the separate departments of the British fiscal-military state during the American Revolutionary War. Viewing the wars from the perspective of the Board, Sutcliffe is sympathetic to its challenges and argues that it did the best job it could to balance the urgent calls on its scarce resources, enabling Britain to project military power in Europe and further afield. A number of thematic chapters examine administration, the shipping markets, amphibious operations and the use of naval ships as troops transports, and these are rounded off by several further chapters that adopt a chronological perspective and track the ebb and flow of business at the Board during the peak years of the Napoleonic Wars between 1805 and 1815. Sutcliffe, therefore, situates his book between the more administrative or institutional studies by David Syrett of naval transport earlier in the eighteenth century, and the more strategic focus adopted by Christopher Hall in his study of naval power during the Peninsular War, to suggest how these elements interacted. He argues that the Board had to juggle competing demands from commanders such as Wellington, and developed formidable bureaucratic resources to do so, not least the system of regular returns that enabled it to keep track of its transports and direct them most efficiently. Too often it faced problems because strategic planning by the Cabinet failed to take account of transport needs, and the Board lacked the political muscle to have an input into the planning process. To secure shipping the Board also had to cultivate good relations with the small clique of ship-brokers in London who could help assemble transports at short notice. Indeed, in one of the most effective and useful sections of the book, Sutcliffe reconstructs the state of the market for shipping in early 19th-century London. About 10,000 ships were registered in London in 1790 but Book Reviews
即使在革命战争和拿破仑战争的军事史这样拥挤的领域,仍然有一些重要的、未经探索的利基市场有待发现。在回顾1794年至1815年间交通委员会的历史时,Sutcliffe提供了一项重要而有效的研究,该研究在填补其中一个空白方面做得很好。该委员会成立于战争爆发后不久,从技术上讲,由财政部控制,旨在解决在美国独立战争期间困扰英国财政军事国家各个部门的人员和物资的雇佣和协调运输问题。从委员会的角度来看战争,Sutcliffe对其挑战表示同情,并认为委员会尽了最大努力来平衡对其稀缺资源的紧急需求,使英国能够在欧洲和更远的地方投射军事力量。多个主题章节探讨了行政管理、航运市场、两栖作战以及海军舰艇作为部队运输工具的使用,这些章节通过采用时间顺序的视角,追踪了1805年至1815年拿破仑战争高峰期董事会业务的兴衰。因此,Sutcliffe将他的书置于18世纪早期David Syrett对海军运输的更为行政或机构的研究与Christopher Hall在半岛战争期间对海军力量的研究中采用的更具战略重点之间,以表明这些因素是如何相互作用的。他认为,委员会必须兼顾惠灵顿等指挥官的竞争需求,并为此开发了强大的官僚资源,尤其是定期返回系统,使其能够跟踪运输并最有效地指挥运输。它经常面临问题,因为内阁的战略规划没有考虑到交通需求,而且委员会缺乏对规划过程投入的政治力量。为了确保运输安全,委员会还必须与伦敦的一小群船舶经纪人建立良好关系,他们可以在接到通知后立即帮助组装运输工具。事实上,在本书最有效、最有用的部分之一中,萨克利夫重建了19世纪初伦敦的航运市场状况。1790年,约有10000艘船只在伦敦注册,但书评
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引用次数: 0
期刊
War in History
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