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Increasing Higher Education Access: Supply, Sorting, and Outcomes in Colombia 增加高等教育机会:哥伦比亚的供应、分类和结果
IF 1.3 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2019-02-19 DOI: 10.1086/701435
J. Carranza, M. Ferreyra
Between 2000 and 2013, higher education (HE) in Colombia expanded substantially in response to greater demand, greater supply of capacity and programs on the part of HE institutions, and policies enhancing HE access and attractiveness. We use rich student- and program-level data to decompose the observed enrollment expansion, and we show that changes in HE supply, policy, and returns account for most of the expansion and have been critical to the inflow of low-ability students. We investigate the supply expansion and the opening of new programs and find that these were driven by the economic incentives facing the institutions.
2000年至2013年期间,哥伦比亚高等教育大幅扩张,以应对高等教育机构的需求增加、能力和课程供应增加,以及提高高等教育准入和吸引力的政策。我们使用丰富的学生和项目层面的数据来分解观察到的招生扩张,我们发现高等教育供应、政策和回报的变化占了扩张的大部分,并且对低能力学生的流入至关重要。我们调查了供给扩张和新项目的开放,发现这些都是由机构面临的经济激励驱动的。
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引用次数: 12
Age and the Trying Out of New Ideas. 年龄与新想法的尝试
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/703160
Mikko Packalen, Jay Bhattacharya

The aging of the scientific workforce and graying of grant recipients are central policy concerns in biomedicine. These trends are potentially important because older scientists are often seen as less open to new ideas than younger scientists. In this paper, we put this hypothesis to an empirical test. Using a measure of new ideas derived from the text of nearly all biomedical scientific articles published since 1946, we compare the tendency of younger and older researchers to try out new ideas in their work. We find that papers published in biomedicine by younger researchers are more likely to build on new ideas. Collaboration with an experienced researcher matters as well. Papers with a young first author and a more experienced last author are more likely to try out newer ideas than papers published by other team configurations. Given the crucial role that the trying out of new ideas plays in the advancement of science, our results buttress the case for funding scientific work by young researchers but also provide a caution against unconditional idolatry of youth over experience.

科学工作者队伍的老龄化和赠款获得者的白发化是生物医学政策关注的核心问题。这些趋势之所以具有潜在的重要性,是因为年长的科学家通常被认为不如年轻科学家乐于接受新思想。在本文中,我们对这一假设进行了实证检验。我们利用从 1946 年以来发表的几乎所有生物医学科学文章的文本中得出的新观点衡量标准,比较了年轻研究人员和年长研究人员在工作中尝试新观点的倾向。我们发现,年轻研究人员在生物医学领域发表的论文更有可能以新观点为基础。与经验丰富的研究人员合作也很重要。与其他团队成员发表的论文相比,由年轻的第一作者和经验丰富的最后作者共同发表的论文更有可能尝试新的想法。鉴于尝试新想法在科学进步中的关键作用,我们的研究结果支持资助年轻研究人员的科研工作,但也提醒人们不要无条件地崇拜年轻而忽视经验。
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引用次数: 0
Marching across Generations? Education Benefits and Intrahousehold Decision-Making 跨越几代人?教育福利与家庭内部决策
IF 1.3 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2018-12-21 DOI: 10.1086/704321
Benjamin L. Castleman, Francis X. Murphy, William L. Skimmyhorn
We investigate how families resolve an important intrafamily household allocation problem—investing in their children’s postsecondary education—in the context of the Post-9/11 GI Bill. This legislation allowed service members to transfer education benefits to a family member in exchange for additional military service. Descriptive analysis reveals clear socioeconomic differences in patterns of transfer: utilization rates are highest among senior service members, who are better educated and earn higher wages, and are lowest among less educated, lower-wage junior soldiers. This pattern of use suggests that the transfer provision may have limited impact on intergenerational mobility for service members of low socioeconomic status.
我们调查了家庭如何在9/11后GI法案的背景下解决一个重要的家庭内部分配问题——投资于孩子的中学后教育。这项立法允许服役人员将教育福利转移给家庭成员,以换取额外的兵役。描述性分析显示,调动模式存在明显的社会经济差异:受教育程度较高、工资较高的高级服役人员的利用率最高,而受教育程度较低、工资较低的初级士兵的利用率最低。这种使用模式表明,转移提供可能对社会经济地位低的服务人员的代际流动影响有限。
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引用次数: 5
Intergenerational Mobility in Education: Variation in Geography and Time 教育的代际流动:地理和时间的变化
IF 1.3 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.1086/705610
Jason M. Fletcher, J. Han
Education mobility contributes to income mobility and is an important policy target but has received little attention. This paper documents trends (1982–2004) and geographical differences (across US states) in education mobility. We develop mobility measures that respect the unique properties of education attainment. While standard approaches suggest slightly increasing mobility over the sample period, we find that mobility fluctuated, decreasing over roughly the first decade and increasing in the second. Geographic variation in education mobility is correlated with local community and policy factors—such as the existence of high school exit exams. Finally, the South is excluded from national increases in mobility.
教育流动有助于收入流动,是一个重要的政策目标,但很少受到关注。本文记录了教育流动的趋势(1982–2004)和地理差异(美国各州)。我们制定了尊重教育程度独特特性的流动性措施。虽然标准方法表明在样本期内流动性略有增加,但我们发现流动性波动,大约在第一个十年减少,在第二个十年增加。教育流动性的地理差异与当地社区和政策因素有关,比如高中毕业考试的存在。最后,南方被排除在国家流动性增加之外。
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引用次数: 17
Increasing Student Involvement to Decrease Underachievement: Experimental Evidence on Gender Differences in Performance 增加学生参与以减少成绩不佳:成绩性别差异的实验证据
IF 1.3 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2018-11-13 DOI: 10.1086/700189
C. Haelermans, Maartje van der Eem
This article studies the short-run effect of increased student involvement on academic achievement, motivation, and grade repetition. We use a randomized field experiment among 130 tenth-grade students in a Dutch upper secondary school. Students who are more involved in their own learning process have significantly higher academic performance and a lower chance of grade repetition. Extrinsic motivation was lower for these students, but there was no effect on intrinsic motivation. All effects can be attributed to male students. The main explanation for the findings is that students feel more responsible and in charge of their own learning process.
本文研究了学生参与度增加对学业成绩、动机和留级的短期影响。我们在荷兰一所高中的130名十年级学生中进行了一项随机现场实验。更多地参与自己学习过程的学生学习成绩明显更高,留级的几率更低。这些学生的外在动机较低,但对内在动机没有影响。所有的影响都可以归因于男生。对这些发现的主要解释是,学生们觉得自己对自己的学习过程更有责任感和掌控力。
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引用次数: 1
The Effects of Compulsory-Schooling Laws on Teenage Marriage and Births in Turkey 土耳其义务教育法对青少年婚姻和生育的影响
IF 1.3 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2018-11-13 DOI: 10.1086/700076
Murat G. Kırdar, Meltem Dayıoğlu, I. Koç
We estimate the effects of the extension of compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey on marriage and birth outcomes of teenage girls, using a regression discontinuity design. This law increases girls’ schooling by roughly 1 year on average, substantially reducing the probability of marriage by age 16 and first birth by age 17. These effects disappear after ages 17 for marriage and 18 for first birth. These results suggest that this law has strong compulsory-attendance effects during the newly mandated years and human capital effects afterward on marriage and birth outcomes. However, the human capital effects vanish after a couple of years, when students become free to leave school.
我们使用回归不连续性设计估计了土耳其义务教育从5年延长到8年对少女婚姻和出生结果的影响。这项法律使女孩的受教育时间平均增加约1年,大大降低了16岁结婚和17岁首次生育的可能性。这些影响在17岁结婚和18岁首次生育后消失。这些结果表明,这项法律在新规定的年份具有很强的强制出勤效应,之后对婚姻和生育结果具有人力资本效应。然而,几年后,当学生可以自由离开学校时,人力资本效应就消失了。
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引用次数: 57
Does Bad News Travel Faster? On the Determinants of Medical Technology Abandonment 坏消息传播得更快吗?论医疗技术废弃的决定因素
IF 1.3 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2018-11-13 DOI: 10.1086/700078
J. Berez, G. David, David H. Howard, M. Neuman
This paper studies the abandonment of technology in reaction to information shocks. While the diffusion of new technologies has been widely researched, the factors driving abandonment are not well understood. This is particularly important in the health care sector, where curbing overuse of low-value technologies is a priority. Using the abandonment of pulmonary artery catheters (PACs) as an empirical application, we aim to understand patterns of human behavior when information that a technology is ineffective becomes available. This study focuses on the role of peer interaction in explaining medical technology abandonment. We find that surgeons alter their use of PACs in response to that of new surgeons who joined their hospitals directly from a fellowship in cardiothoracic surgery.
本文研究了在应对信息冲击时放弃技术的问题。虽然人们对新技术的扩散进行了广泛的研究,但对导致放弃的因素还没有很好的了解。这在医疗保健部门尤为重要,因为遏制低价值技术的过度使用是医疗保健部门的优先事项。使用废弃肺动脉导管(PAC)作为经验应用,我们旨在了解当技术无效的信息可用时人类的行为模式。本研究的重点是同伴互动在解释医疗技术放弃中的作用。我们发现,外科医生会改变他们对PACs的使用,以应对那些直接从心胸外科奖学金中加入医院的新外科医生。
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引用次数: 8
Assessing the Smooth Rise in Mothers’ Employment as Children Age 评估随着孩子年龄的增长,母亲就业率的平稳上升
IF 1.3 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2018-11-13 DOI: 10.1086/700077
Darren Lubotsky, Javaeria Qureshi
We study the trajectory of maternal employment as children age and assess the factors underlying the smooth increase in mothers’ employment as their youngest child ages. Our results indicate that the rising employment profile is largely not associated with falling child care costs, changes in nonlabor income, or marital dissolution as children age. Differences in educational attainment and wage opportunities are related to some of the increase in employment when children are under 4 years old but do not explain any after that age. We discuss explanations for the rising pattern of mothers’ employment that might be consistent with our results.
我们研究了母亲随子女年龄的就业轨迹,并评估了母亲随最小子女年龄就业平稳增加的因素。我们的研究结果表明,就业率的上升在很大程度上与儿童保育成本的下降、非劳动收入的变化或随着儿童年龄的增长而婚姻破裂无关。教育程度和工资机会的差异在一定程度上与4岁以下儿童的就业增加有关,但不能解释该年龄之后的就业增加。我们讨论了母亲就业模式上升的原因,这可能与我们的研究结果一致。
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引用次数: 9
Inheritance Laws, Educational Attainment, and Child Labor: Evidence from Indian States 继承法、受教育程度与童工:来自印度各邦的证据
IF 1.3 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2018-10-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2696517
A. Kerr
This paper examines how the introduction of female inheritance rights, implemented in four Indian states between 1986 and 1994, affected educational achievement and labor force participation of children. Investigating time-varying state amendments to the Hindu Succession Act of 1956, which provided equal inheritance rights to male and female children, I find that reforms led to greater probability of primary school completion and lower probability of labor force participation for children. Performing a triple-difference analysis, I find that these results are larger for Hindu children, specifically Hindu females and Hindu children living in rural areas.
本文研究了1986年至1994年间在印度四个邦实施的女性继承权的引入如何影响儿童的教育成就和劳动力参与。1956年的《印度继承法》(Hindu Succession Act)规定了男女儿童平等的继承权,通过调查各州对该法案的时变修正案,我发现改革导致儿童完成小学教育的概率更高,而参与劳动力的概率更低。通过三重差异分析,我发现这些结果在印度教儿童中更为明显,特别是印度教女性和生活在农村地区的印度教儿童。
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引用次数: 1
The Effect of Increasing Human Capital Investment on Economic Growth and Poverty: A Simulation Exercise 增加人力资本投资对经济增长和贫困的影响:一个模拟练习
IF 1.3 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1086/708195
M. Collin, D. Weil
We examine the dynamic responses of income and poverty to increased investment in the human capital of new cohorts of workers, using a quantitative macroeconomic model with realistic demography. Higher investment leads to significant improvements, although phase-in takes considerable time. Gains are largest in poor countries. We argue in the context of our model that investing in people is more cost effective than investing in physical capital as a means to achieve specified income or poverty goals. We also study the effect of higher human capital on fertility and the follow-on effects of lower fertility on income.
我们使用具有现实人口统计学的定量宏观经济模型,研究了收入和贫困对新工人群体人力资本投资增加的动态反应。更高的投资会带来显著的改进,尽管逐步引入需要相当长的时间。贫困国家的收益最大。我们认为,在我们的模型背景下,作为实现特定收入或贫困目标的一种手段,投资于人比投资于实物资本更具成本效益。我们还研究了高人力资本对生育率的影响以及低生育率对收入的后续影响。
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引用次数: 45
期刊
Journal of Human Capital
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