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Police Hostage Rescue Operation: Assessing Nigerian Police Alertness and Responses to Kidnapped Victims 警察人质救援行动:评估尼日利亚警察对被绑架受害者的警觉性和反应
4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231200590
Babatope Matthew Ajiboye
Kidnapping and hostage-taking have plagued Nigeria for over two decades, beginning with protests in the country’s Niger-Delta region. Afterward, the phenomenon has spread like a Harmattan bush fire across the country’s length and breadth. Although the phenomenon evolved from sheer agitation it became the most thriving business, even though it is on the wrong side of morality. Evidently, the spectacle has drawn tremendous literature and a crow’s nest that range from its evolution to politics, socioeconomic consequences and alternative negotiation, among other concerns and worries associated with it. Going by studies, the phenomenon has resulted in atrocious ransom payments, inhumane treatment and even deaths of helpless victims. Connectedly, the unpleasant experiences of victims, especially at the hands of their captors, inform this discourse on the alertness and responses of the Nigerian Police to kidnapped victims, which is what has remained either under-assessed or significantly under-examined. Relying significantly on both primary and secondary data, this article assesses the main security institution entrusted with the internal security of the nation, viz-à-viz its response to victims’ calls via operational tools, manpower, training and education, intelligence and synergy with sister security agencies. This article concludes that inadequacies and deficiencies in these variables have stalled the timely rescue of victims by police forces in the country.
二十多年来,绑架和劫持人质事件一直困扰着尼日利亚,始于尼日利亚三角洲地区的抗议活动。之后,这种现象就像哈玛坦丛林大火一样蔓延到全国各地。虽然这种现象是从纯粹的骚动演变而来的,但它成为了最繁荣的行业,尽管它站在道德的错误一边。显然,这一奇观吸引了大量的文献和一个鸟巢,从它的演变到政治、社会经济后果和替代谈判,以及与之相关的其他关切和担忧。根据研究,这种现象导致了残暴的赎金支付、不人道的待遇,甚至导致无助的受害者死亡。与此相关的是,受害者的不愉快经历,特别是在绑架者手中的不愉快经历,反映了尼日利亚警察对被绑架受害者的警惕性和反应,这一点仍然没有得到充分的评估或严重缺乏审查。本文主要依靠一手和二手数据,评估了负责国家内部安全的主要安全机构,即-à-viz通过操作工具、人力、培训和教育、情报和与姐妹安全机构的协同作用对受害者呼叫的反应。本文的结论是,这些变量的不足和缺陷阻碍了该国警察部队及时救援受害者。
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引用次数: 0
When Tricycles Speak: Language Practices and Ideology in Tricycle Texts in Nigeria 当三轮车说话:尼日利亚三轮车文本中的语言实践和意识形态
4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231197779
Eyo O. Mensah, Benjamin O. Nyong, Eyamba O. Mensah, Queen O. Ayeni
This article investigates the sociocultural aspects of street-related linguistic practices on commercial tricycles in Uyo metropolis, south-eastern Nigeria. Marginal urban texts on tricycles reveal a process of identity construction and the quest for ideological distinctiveness of the grassroots in articulating their spatial street wisdom. The study offers contextual analyses of tricycle texts to unpack how they reflect riders’ social conditions, and problematise how riders relate their subjectivities to the audience in the mobile urban space. We conclude that tricycle texts bring to light creative aspects of a local subculture that lends a voice to a marginalised segment of the society.
本文调查了尼日利亚东南部乌约市商业三轮车的街头相关语言实践的社会文化方面。三轮车上的边缘城市文本揭示了一个身份建构的过程,以及基层在表达其空间街道智慧时对意识形态独特性的追求。该研究对三轮车文本进行了语境分析,揭示了它们如何反映骑手的社会状况,并提出了骑手如何在移动城市空间中将他们的主体性与观众联系起来的问题。我们的结论是,三轮车文本揭示了当地亚文化的创造性方面,为社会边缘群体提供了声音。
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引用次数: 0
The Cursed Promised Land? Demographic Risk Factors for Homegrown Extremism in the Squatter Enclaves of Mount Elgon Region of Western Kenya 被诅咒的应许之地?肯尼亚西部埃尔贡山地区棚户区本土极端主义的人口风险因素
4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231197777
Graham Oluteyo Amakanji, Pontian Godfrey Okoth, Edmond Were Maloba
Globally, conflicts are phenomenal and are caused by multivariate risk factors; however, purely land-use-based conflicts are gradually growing and becoming conspicuous. Authoritative studies project that violent conflicts over land and resource distribution are set to be on the upsurge with the African Continent set to bear the greatest brunt. These are set to take homegrown extremist trajectories thereby redefining global, regional, and national counter-violent extremist architecture. This paper sought to investigate demographic risk factors for homegrown extremism in the squatter enclaves of Mount Elgon region. Using a convergent parallel mixed method research design, primary data were collected from 400 households. Study findings on demographic risk factors for homegrown extremism are an antithesis of conventional Euro-American train of thoughts. The results established that that gender (being both male and female), age (being older) and being married posed a high risk factor to homegrown extremism. The paper recommends the need to expedite multi-stakeholder human development needs based approaches in pursuit to reverse the risk of homegrown extremism in the squatter enclaves of Mount Elgon region, Kenya.
在全球范围内,冲突是现象性的,是由多元风险因素引起的;然而,纯粹以土地使用为基础的冲突正在逐渐增加并变得明显。权威研究预测,围绕土地和资源分配的暴力冲突将会愈演愈烈,非洲大陆将首当其冲。它们将走上本土极端主义的道路,从而重新定义全球、地区和国家的反暴力极端主义架构。本文旨在调查埃尔冈山地区棚户区本土极端主义的人口危险因素。采用收敛平行混合法研究设计,收集了400户家庭的原始数据。关于本土极端主义的人口风险因素的研究结果与传统的欧美思路截然相反。结果表明,性别(男性和女性)、年龄(年龄较大)和已婚是本土极端主义的高风险因素。该报告建议,有必要加快采用基于人类发展需求的多方利益攸关方方法,以扭转肯尼亚埃尔贡山(Mount Elgon)地区棚户区本土极端主义的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of African Vernacular Built Environment and Power: The Case of the Walled City of Zaria, Nigeria 非洲乡土建筑环境与动力评价——以尼日利亚扎里亚寨城为例
4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231197742
Abdulsalam Ibrahim Shema, Marko Kiessel, Cemil Atakara
Numerous studies proposed models for assessing architecture and power such as Dovey’s Framing places: Mediating power in built form and Njoh’s Forms of power over that analyse the built environment in relation to various forms of power. However, those models deal mainly with the western and/or modern built environment. There is a lack of studies that specifically deal with the vernacular built environment of African societies. This study assesses how power, as a socially constructed discourse, influences and is mediated through African societies’ vernacular built environment. It focuses on the walled city and palace of Zaria, Nigeria. Studies of the built environment in relation to power discourses are continuous processes, and due to the subjectivity of interpretations our research adopts the epistemological approach of constructivism when assessing the socially constructed generation of symbolic meaning. Considering the general discourse of power within built environment, a methodological framework was developed, which focuses on forms of power over. The framework might also be useful for studies of other (African vernacular) built environments. Power over within the vernacular built environment of Zaria is predominantly based on a socially constructed discourse – a fact that is certainly valid for other traditional African built environments as well. It is mediated, visibly and invisibly, through spatial and physical features, including the use of symbols, and deeply embedded in Zaria’s urban form and architecture, especially its palace which conveys the identity and authority of the traditional royal institution.
许多研究提出了评估建筑和权力的模型,如Dovey的框架场所:建筑形式中的调解权力和Njoh的权力形式,分析了建筑环境与各种形式的权力之间的关系。然而,这些模型主要处理西方和/或现代建筑环境。缺乏专门研究非洲社会的乡土建筑环境的研究。本研究评估了权力作为一种社会建构的话语,如何影响并通过非洲社会的乡土建筑环境进行调解。它关注的是尼日利亚扎里亚的城墙和宫殿。对与权力话语相关的建筑环境的研究是一个持续的过程,由于解释的主观性,我们的研究在评估社会建构的符号意义生成时采用了建构主义的认识论方法。考虑到建筑环境中权力的一般话语,开发了一个方法论框架,重点关注权力的形式。该框架也可能对其他(非洲本土)建筑环境的研究有用。在Zaria的本土建筑环境中,权力主要是基于社会建构的话语——这一事实当然也适用于其他传统的非洲建筑环境。它通过空间和物理特征,包括符号的使用,以可见和不可见的方式进行调解,并深深嵌入扎里亚的城市形态和建筑中,特别是它的宫殿,传达了传统皇家机构的身份和权威。
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引用次数: 0
Kim Jong Un and Consolidating Power: Explaining Elite Appointment in the Workers’ Party of Korea Central Committee, 2012–2019 金正恩与巩固权力:2012-2019年朝鲜劳动党中央委员会精英任命解释
4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231197771
Taekbin Kim, John Ishiyama
Despite concerns about the stability of the early days of the Kim Jong Un regime, he has firmly established his control over the existing system. How was he able to achieve this? Important insights are provided by Kim Jong Un’s patter of official appointments, particularly involving the members of the Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea (WPK). This study scrutinizes the pattern of elite appointments under Kim Jong Un from 2012 to 2019, examining the personal data of 296 members of the WPK Central Committee. The results reveal that under Kim Jong Un’s leadership, party and military elites enjoyed the privilege of being appointed to key posts compared with cabinet elites. However, as his power consolidation advanced, this preferential treatment for party and military elites began to diminish starting in 2016. These findings suggest that certain tensions and conflicts may exist within North Korea under Kim’s rule.
尽管人们担心金正恩政权初期的稳定性,但他已经牢固地确立了对现有体制的控制。他是如何做到的呢?金正恩的官方任命模式提供了重要的见解,特别是涉及朝鲜劳动党中央委员会成员。这项研究分析了2012年至2019年金正恩领导下的精英任命模式,分析了朝鲜劳动党中央委员会296名成员的个人数据。调查结果显示,在金正恩的领导下,党和军队精英比内阁精英享有重要职位的特权。然而,随着他权力巩固的推进,从2016年开始,这种对党和军队精英的优待开始减少。这些发现表明,在金正恩的统治下,朝鲜内部可能存在某些紧张和冲突。
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引用次数: 0
The Entrepreneurial Habitus of Zimbabweans in South Africa 津巴布韦人在南非的创业习惯
4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231197766
Nyakabawu Shingirai
This article argues that individuals’ internalised frameworks, shaped by Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, play a crucial role in their ability to conceive entrepreneurial possibilities and to recognise opportunities. To explore this argument, interviews were conducted with Zimbabwean entrepreneurs residing in of Cape Town, South Africa. The participants exhibited diverse habituated experiences including culinary preferences, work backgrounds and family histories. The article contends that these habitual dispositions, whether conscious or unconscious, significantly influenced their decision to engage in entrepreneurship within the South African context.
本文认为,由布迪厄的习惯概念塑造的个人内化框架,在他们构思创业可能性和识别机会的能力中起着至关重要的作用。为了探讨这一论点,对居住在南非开普敦的津巴布韦企业家进行了采访。参与者表现出不同的习惯经历,包括烹饪偏好、工作背景和家族史。文章认为,这些习惯性倾向,无论是有意识的还是无意识的,极大地影响了他们在南非背景下从事创业的决定。
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引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Visual Multimedia Instructions on Improvement in Business Administration Skills Among Widows in Rural Communities 计算机辅助视觉多媒体教学对提高农村丧偶妇女工商管理技能的效果
4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231197776
Jamilah Ahmad, Enojo Kennie Enojo, Ibrahim Mohammed Nasiru, Ine-Ere Rita Sani, Chikelue Chris Akabuike, Ogbonne Ijeoma Pauline, Verlumun Celestine C. Gever
This study determined the impact of computer-assisted visual multimedia instructions (CAMI) on improvement in business administration skills among widows in rural areas using a quasi-experimental design. The result showed that at Time 1, the widows in both the control and CAMI groups reported low knowledge of business administration skills such as teamwork, delegation, supervision, financial management and customer service skills. After CAMI, the widows significantly differed with those in the treatment group reporting significantly higher mean scores on all the measures of business administration. Widows in CAMI group (unlike the control group) also reported an improvement in their business start-up intentions.
本研究采用准实验设计确定了计算机辅助视觉多媒体指导(CAMI)对提高农村寡妇企业管理技能的影响。结果显示,在时间1,控制组和CAMI组的寡妇都报告了对企业管理技能(如团队合作、授权、监督、财务管理和客户服务技能)的了解较低。在CAMI后,寡妇与治疗组的寡妇在所有商业管理措施上的平均得分明显更高。CAMI组的寡妇(与对照组不同)也报告了她们创业意愿的改善。
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引用次数: 0
A ‘Better Life for All in Bricks and Mortar’: The Spatial Rationalities of Container Urbanism in Accra “砖块和砂浆让所有人的生活更美好”:阿克拉集装箱城市主义的空间合理性
4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231197752
Michael Gameli Dziwornu, Diego Coletto
Alternative and often disruptive urban processes in the Global South, such as container urbanism, are gradually pushing urban planning institutions towards the margins of urban governance and transformation. Understanding how urban institutional actors perceive and respond to these emerging processes is thus crucial for unravelling the rationalities that actively transform the spatial configuration of cities. Drawing on the concept of spatial rationalities, this article examines the institutional dynamics of the unprecedented spatial diffusion of container urbanism in Accra, Ghana. The article makes two contributions to the literature. First, it shows that the continuation of a neoliberal urban governance agenda has shifted the institutional perception of container urbanism as a form of aberration. Second, it sheds light on how the actions by institutional actors to recuperate spatial order are often eclipsed by political interferences, creating an illusion of control in the management of urban space. Consequently, the article calls for a reassessment of impractical regulatory mechanisms that target container users and other informal modes of appropriating urban space with far-reaching consequences for urban citizenship and the right to the city.
在全球南方,替代性的、往往具有破坏性的城市进程,如集装箱城市主义,正逐渐将城市规划机构推向城市治理和转型的边缘。因此,了解城市机构参与者如何感知和应对这些新兴过程对于揭示积极改变城市空间配置的合理性至关重要。利用空间理性的概念,本文考察了加纳阿克拉集装箱城市主义史无前例的空间扩散的制度动态。这篇文章对文学有两个贡献。首先,它表明,新自由主义城市治理议程的延续已经改变了将集装箱城市主义视为一种失常形式的制度观念。其次,它揭示了制度参与者恢复空间秩序的行动如何经常被政治干预所掩盖,从而在城市空间管理中产生控制幻觉。因此,本文呼吁重新评估针对集装箱使用者和其他占用城市空间的非正式模式的不切实际的监管机制,这些机制对城市公民身份和城市权利产生深远影响。
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引用次数: 0
Status of Women in Student Politics: Gender Imbalance in Student Leadership in Higher Education Institutions in Ghana from the 1960s to the Present 妇女在学生政治中的地位:20世纪60年代至今加纳高等教育机构学生领导中的性别失衡
4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231197724
Eugenia Ama Breba Anderson
Across Ghana’s higher education institutions, women’s representation in student leadership has been generally low despite the gender-neutral requirement. Women’s participation in student leadership politics in Ghanaian higher education institutions, specifically universities, has received little attention from higher education and feminist scholars who have briefly mentioned or completely glossed it over. This intellectual omission makes this paper relevant. Here, it is argued that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that, despite the neutrality of student leadership policies, men dominate student politics. This paper problematises the question of gender inequality in student leadership, through the African feminist lens.
在加纳的高等教育机构中,尽管有性别中立的要求,但妇女在学生领导中的比例普遍较低。妇女在加纳高等教育机构,特别是大学中参与学生领导政治,很少受到高等教育和女权主义学者的关注,他们只是简单地提到或完全掩盖了这一点。这一智力上的遗漏使这篇论文具有相关性。本文认为,有足够的证据表明,尽管学生领导政策具有中立性,但男性主导了学生政治。本文通过非洲女权主义的视角,提出了学生领导中性别不平等的问题。
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引用次数: 0
‘Locked Down But Not Locked Out’: Everyday Experiences of Migrant Traders During the COVID-19 Pandemic Era in Harare, Zimbabwe “被封锁但未被封锁”:新冠肺炎大流行时期津巴布韦哈拉雷移民贸易商的日常经历
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-08 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231197770
R. H. Mushonga, F. Makwara
The COVID-19 pandemic presented possibilities of socio-political rapture as it stimulated mass evacuations and remarkable efforts to emplace. However, regardless of the measures to restrict non-essential travel and barring the entry of people into cities as a way of curbing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, urban migrants invented and reincarnated ways and means of negotiating entry into economic spaces in an effort to avoid becoming marooned in time and space. This ethnographic study explored these dynamics using the case of Nigerian migrant traders in Harare’s informal economic spaces. By drawing on their narratives, we argue that surviving the pandemic was made possible by forming, maintaining and sustaining social networks of sort. Therefore, while uncertainties (COVID-19) interrupt time, routines and the mundane aspects of life, it also has a productive potential for people to make sense of the hazards that confront them, hence reflexively crafting solutions and fashioning possible futures.
新冠肺炎大流行带来了社会政治狂欢的可能性,因为它刺激了大规模疏散和显著的安置努力。然而,尽管采取了限制非必要旅行和禁止人们进入城市的措施来遏制新冠肺炎疫情的传播,但城市移民发明并转世了谈判进入经济空间的方式和方法,以避免陷入时间和空间的困境。这项人种学研究以哈拉雷非正规经济空间的尼日利亚移民商人为例,探讨了这些动态。通过借鉴他们的叙述,我们认为,通过形成、维持和维持某种社交网络,才有可能在疫情中幸存下来。因此,尽管不确定性(新冠肺炎)打断了时间、日常生活和日常生活,但它也有助于人们理解他们面临的危险,从而反射性地制定解决方案并形成可能的未来。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Asian and African Studies
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