Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.315
N. I. Bogomazov
{"title":"Orders for Foreign Supplies Issued by the Directorate of Railways of the Ministry of Transportation in 1915","authors":"N. I. Bogomazov","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2023.315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.315","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135958427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.306
N. A. Samoylov
The article discusses the activities of the Russian Envoy Extraordinary to China, Prince Nikolai Alexandrovich Kudashev, who was appointed to this post at a difficult period in the history of the two countries: Russia and China. He took up his duties in 1916 as an Envoy of the Russian Empire to the Republic of China, continued to serve in 1917 as a diplomatic representative of the Russian Provisional Government and remained in office until 1920, without recognizing the Bolsheviks’ power, but being still recognized by the government of China. The article analyzes his activities and characterizes the state of Russian-Chinese relations in that most challenging period of history. Although N. A. Kudashev was not an outstanding diplomat, he played a prominent role at a turning point in the development of Russian-Chinese relations. The purpose of the article is not only to consider specific aspects of the diplomatic work of N. A. Kudashev in China and evaluate his role in the development of Russian-Chinese relations but also to demonstrate complicated conditions under which Russian-Chinese relations developed at a critical point in Russian, Chinese and World history. The example of N. A. Kudashev and the Russian consuls subordinate to him makes it possible to clearly trace the problems of relations between diplomats of the old school and the new Bolshevik government. Remaining at their posts, these people tried to work conscientiously and fulfill their duties as they understood them. The novelty of the article lies in the involvement of a large number of archival documents on the history of the Russian diplomatic mission in Beijing during the period under review.
{"title":"Prince N. A. Kudashev — the Last Envoy Extraordinary of the Russian Empire to China","authors":"N. A. Samoylov","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2023.306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.306","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the activities of the Russian Envoy Extraordinary to China, Prince Nikolai Alexandrovich Kudashev, who was appointed to this post at a difficult period in the history of the two countries: Russia and China. He took up his duties in 1916 as an Envoy of the Russian Empire to the Republic of China, continued to serve in 1917 as a diplomatic representative of the Russian Provisional Government and remained in office until 1920, without recognizing the Bolsheviks’ power, but being still recognized by the government of China. The article analyzes his activities and characterizes the state of Russian-Chinese relations in that most challenging period of history. Although N. A. Kudashev was not an outstanding diplomat, he played a prominent role at a turning point in the development of Russian-Chinese relations. The purpose of the article is not only to consider specific aspects of the diplomatic work of N. A. Kudashev in China and evaluate his role in the development of Russian-Chinese relations but also to demonstrate complicated conditions under which Russian-Chinese relations developed at a critical point in Russian, Chinese and World history. The example of N. A. Kudashev and the Russian consuls subordinate to him makes it possible to clearly trace the problems of relations between diplomats of the old school and the new Bolshevik government. Remaining at their posts, these people tried to work conscientiously and fulfill their duties as they understood them. The novelty of the article lies in the involvement of a large number of archival documents on the history of the Russian diplomatic mission in Beijing during the period under review.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136003476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.103
A. Ivanov, N. A. Mikhalev
During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet system of labor force mobilization functioned in extreme tension. At the same time, the existence of an extensive and multi-faceted system of forced labor in the country inevitably made the GULAG an obligatory element in the mobilization process and dramatically increased the role of various categories of special contingent in the general balance of labor resources. One of the users of forced labor during the war was the fishing industry, the development of which was included in the list of state priorities by a decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of January 6, 1942. The article examines the mechanisms for the implementation of forced migration for the needs of a particular department (People’s Commissariat of the Fishing Industry) and determines their significance for recipient regions as exemplified by North-Western Siberia consisting of the Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets national districts of the Omsk (since August 1944 — Tyumen) region. The article demonstrates that the implementation of government decisions led to an increase in the significance of the department and to strengthening of the role of the People’s Commissariat of the Fishing Industry in the socio- economic development of North-Western Siberia. As a result of special resettlements, North-Western Siberia acquired the characteristics of a mono-specialized territory, which was “under the care” of one department. Nevertheless, the emergence of such a mono-region did not reduce the potential for interdepartmental conflicts and did not bring about the planned indicators, thus the goal of state policy, in this part, was not achieved.
{"title":"Departmental Resettlements of Special Settlers during the Great Patriotic War: Mechanism of Realization and Significance (Based on the Materials of North-Western Siberia)","authors":"A. Ivanov, N. A. Mikhalev","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2023.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.103","url":null,"abstract":"During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet system of labor force mobilization functioned in extreme tension. At the same time, the existence of an extensive and multi-faceted system of forced labor in the country inevitably made the GULAG an obligatory element in the mobilization process and dramatically increased the role of various categories of special contingent in the general balance of labor resources. One of the users of forced labor during the war was the fishing industry, the development of which was included in the list of state priorities by a decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of January 6, 1942. The article examines the mechanisms for the implementation of forced migration for the needs of a particular department (People’s Commissariat of the Fishing Industry) and determines their significance for recipient regions as exemplified by North-Western Siberia consisting of the Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets national districts of the Omsk (since August 1944 — Tyumen) region. The article demonstrates that the implementation of government decisions led to an increase in the significance of the department and to strengthening of the role of the People’s Commissariat of the Fishing Industry in the socio- economic development of North-Western Siberia. As a result of special resettlements, North-Western Siberia acquired the characteristics of a mono-specialized territory, which was “under the care” of one department. Nevertheless, the emergence of such a mono-region did not reduce the potential for interdepartmental conflicts and did not bring about the planned indicators, thus the goal of state policy, in this part, was not achieved.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.102
M. Potemkina
To understand the functioning of the Russian economic system in the current turbulent conditions, it is important to study historical experience, especially the issue of the relationship between centralization and independence in management practices under the extreme conditions of the Great Patriotic War. The source base of the study is represented by documents from central and local Russian archives, most of which are introduced into scholarship for the first time. The study applies an institutional methodological approach, which enables to understand ways of solving managerial problems; methods of source study; and system analysis. The article considers the mechanism for managing transportation, storage and further use of evacuated goods, including industrial raw materials, finished products of industrial enterprises, food supplies, household items, and other valuables. It also reveals difficulties in the course of the evacuation process, which were determined by the lack of evacuation plans, the loss of significant territories due to their capture by the enemy, and the general lack of resources. The study demonstrates that over-centralization in management and the dominance of violent methods during the evacuation of human and material resources proved their inefficiency in the first months of the war, so gradually the authority to distribute goods arriving from the frontline to the rear areas began to be transferred down to the regional level. The conclusion of the article concerns the expansion of the operational independence of local authorities in the rear regions in the extreme conditions of the war. Thanks to a combination of centralization and decentralization in management practices, most of the evacuated cargoes was saved, and their use contributed to achieving the victory in the war.
{"title":"Soviet Experience in Managing Evacuation Cargoes in 1941–1942: From Over-centralization to Local Initiative","authors":"M. Potemkina","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2023.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.102","url":null,"abstract":"To understand the functioning of the Russian economic system in the current turbulent conditions, it is important to study historical experience, especially the issue of the relationship between centralization and independence in management practices under the extreme conditions of the Great Patriotic War. The source base of the study is represented by documents from central and local Russian archives, most of which are introduced into scholarship for the first time. The study applies an institutional methodological approach, which enables to understand ways of solving managerial problems; methods of source study; and system analysis. The article considers the mechanism for managing transportation, storage and further use of evacuated goods, including industrial raw materials, finished products of industrial enterprises, food supplies, household items, and other valuables. It also reveals difficulties in the course of the evacuation process, which were determined by the lack of evacuation plans, the loss of significant territories due to their capture by the enemy, and the general lack of resources. The study demonstrates that over-centralization in management and the dominance of violent methods during the evacuation of human and material resources proved their inefficiency in the first months of the war, so gradually the authority to distribute goods arriving from the frontline to the rear areas began to be transferred down to the regional level. The conclusion of the article concerns the expansion of the operational independence of local authorities in the rear regions in the extreme conditions of the war. Thanks to a combination of centralization and decentralization in management practices, most of the evacuated cargoes was saved, and their use contributed to achieving the victory in the war.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.213
S. Ulyanova, I. Sidorchuk
This study is devoted to the under researched issue of development of physical education and sports at the grassroots level. The task was to identify the mechanism of recruiting participants to sports teams and societies; to consider the process of introduction to sports at the micro-level of the enterprise; to study the role of physical culture in labor processes. The cornerstone of the Soviet mass society were collectives formed at factories, and therefore one of the largest factories in Petrograd/Leningrad — “Krasnyi Putilovets”, which had not only rich labor and revolutionary history, but also sports history, was chosen as an example. The research source base included archival materials; reviews and results of the survey of the physical education club at the plant; reviews of the activity of the sports club; discussions of the development of physical culture and sports, etc. As far as research methods are concerned, the authors turned to everyday history and its components — the history of sports and the history of leisure, as well as to microhistory. The results of the study demonstrate that it was the factory sport circles that led to professional sports and that during the period under review, effective mechanisms were developed to attract workers of different genders and ages to active physical education and sports. At the same time, the actors involved in the organization and implementation of this work pursued different goals — the unity of the labor collective, the distraction of young people from deviant leisure practices, the proletarization of sports, its use for educational and propaganda work, etc.
{"title":"From Football to Parachuting: Physical Education and Sports at the “Krasny Putilovets” Plant in the 1920s — Early 1930s","authors":"S. Ulyanova, I. Sidorchuk","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2023.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.213","url":null,"abstract":"This study is devoted to the under researched issue of development of physical education and sports at the grassroots level. The task was to identify the mechanism of recruiting participants to sports teams and societies; to consider the process of introduction to sports at the micro-level of the enterprise; to study the role of physical culture in labor processes. The cornerstone of the Soviet mass society were collectives formed at factories, and therefore one of the largest factories in Petrograd/Leningrad — “Krasnyi Putilovets”, which had not only rich labor and revolutionary history, but also sports history, was chosen as an example. The research source base included archival materials; reviews and results of the survey of the physical education club at the plant; reviews of the activity of the sports club; discussions of the development of physical culture and sports, etc. As far as research methods are concerned, the authors turned to everyday history and its components — the history of sports and the history of leisure, as well as to microhistory. The results of the study demonstrate that it was the factory sport circles that led to professional sports and that during the period under review, effective mechanisms were developed to attract workers of different genders and ages to active physical education and sports. At the same time, the actors involved in the organization and implementation of this work pursued different goals — the unity of the labor collective, the distraction of young people from deviant leisure practices, the proletarization of sports, its use for educational and propaganda work, etc.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67790202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.106
S. Sklyarov
A high level of anti-semitism in the newly revived Polish state had to be taken into account by the Soviet diplomacy in the first half of the 1920s. The disclosed documents from the correspondence between the Plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Warsaw with the central office of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs introduced into the scholarship for the first time testify to the existence of a Jewish problem in Polish-Soviet relations. Moscow had to keep track of the number of Jews in the diplomatic mission in Warsaw as well as to consider the request of Polish officials, including the Polish leader Jozef Pilsudski, about the desirability of appointing a person of Russian origin the head of the mission in Warsaw given the level of anti-semitism in the Polish society. The deputies of the Polish Sejm at a meeting of the Foreign Affairs Committee attributed the shortcomings in the Polish-Soviet negotiations to the Jewish nationality of the representative of the USSR. Another problem in Polish-Soviet relations in 1923 was represented by the destiny of Jews who escaped through Poland from Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine to the United States. After the introduction of immigration quotas in the USA in 1921 about 6 to 8 thousand Jews were not able to receive entry visas in the United States in 1923. The Polish government required their urgent deportation. Other countries did not want to see them on their territory either. The Jewish organization “Joint” was forced to ask Moscow to approve of their repatriation to the USSR on condition it took charge of covering all expenses. After some hesitation, the USSR agreed with such repatriation. However, it was not organized in a civilized way. The Polish authorities simply ordered to drive Jews to the borders with the USSR. It meant the spontaneous transfer across the border which caused a new scandal in the already strained Polish-Soviet relations.
{"title":"The Jewish Question in Polish-Soviet Relations in the First Half of the 20th Century (Based on the Materials of the Plenipotentiary Mission of the USSR in Warsaw)","authors":"S. Sklyarov","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2023.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.106","url":null,"abstract":"A high level of anti-semitism in the newly revived Polish state had to be taken into account by the Soviet diplomacy in the first half of the 1920s. The disclosed documents from the correspondence between the Plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Warsaw with the central office of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs introduced into the scholarship for the first time testify to the existence of a Jewish problem in Polish-Soviet relations. Moscow had to keep track of the number of Jews in the diplomatic mission in Warsaw as well as to consider the request of Polish officials, including the Polish leader Jozef Pilsudski, about the desirability of appointing a person of Russian origin the head of the mission in Warsaw given the level of anti-semitism in the Polish society. The deputies of the Polish Sejm at a meeting of the Foreign Affairs Committee attributed the shortcomings in the Polish-Soviet negotiations to the Jewish nationality of the representative of the USSR. Another problem in Polish-Soviet relations in 1923 was represented by the destiny of Jews who escaped through Poland from Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine to the United States. After the introduction of immigration quotas in the USA in 1921 about 6 to 8 thousand Jews were not able to receive entry visas in the United States in 1923. The Polish government required their urgent deportation. Other countries did not want to see them on their territory either. The Jewish organization “Joint” was forced to ask Moscow to approve of their repatriation to the USSR on condition it took charge of covering all expenses. After some hesitation, the USSR agreed with such repatriation. However, it was not organized in a civilized way. The Polish authorities simply ordered to drive Jews to the borders with the USSR. It meant the spontaneous transfer across the border which caused a new scandal in the already strained Polish-Soviet relations.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67790483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.104
D. Yanchenko
The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War forced the Russian authorities to change their strategy: instead of territorial expansion, the main task was to settle the Russian-speaking population in the Russian Far East and to ensure the border area security. For this purpose, large infrastructure projects were financed from the state budget during the interwar period. One of the most famous was the Amur railroad, the construction of which, as in the case with the Trans-Siberian Railway, significantly accelerated the colonization of the vast but sparsely populated territories of the Amur Region. In official publications and government discussions, the role of the road was associated not only with the achievement of military and strategic goals, but also with the economic development of Siberia and the Far East as a whole. At the same time, the establishment of a coordinating center for Far Eastern colonization became urgent in view of a large-scale attempt to solve the agrarian question in Central Russia. Participation of the members of the unified Government — the Council of Ministers — in the development of these measures implied taking into account all inter-agency interests. At the end of 1908, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers could only formulate general wishes on the organization of theoretical (scientific work) and practical (resettlement) aspects in the Far East. These proposals did not consider the specifics of lawmaking in the Duma monarchy. Attempts of the Main Administration for Land Management and Agriculture headed by A. V. Krivoshein to monopolize the subject of resettlement encountered sharp opposition from the most influential part of the government. The decision taken in 1909 to establish the Committee on the settlement of the Far East and to organize the Amur expedition was a compromise which was not predetermined by P. A. Stolypin’s original plans.
日俄战争的失败迫使俄国当局改变战略:不再扩张领土，而是把主要任务放在安置俄罗斯远东地区的俄语人口和确保边境地区的安全上。为此目的，在两次世界大战期间，大型基础设施项目由国家预算资助。其中最著名的是阿穆尔河铁路，它的建设，就像西伯利亚大铁路一样，极大地加速了对阿穆尔河地区广阔但人口稀少的领土的殖民。在官方出版物和政府讨论中，这条公路的作用不仅与实现军事和战略目标有关，而且与西伯利亚和整个远东的经济发展有关。与此同时，由于大规模尝试解决俄罗斯中部的农业问题，建立一个远东殖民化协调中心变得紧迫起来。统一政府的成员- -部长理事会- -参与制定这些措施意味着要考虑到所有机构间的利益。1908年底，部长会议主席只能就远东的理论(科学工作)和实践(移民安置)方面的组织提出一般愿望。这些建议没有考虑到杜马君主制立法的细节。以Krivoshein为首的土地管理和农业总局试图垄断移民安置问题，遭到了政府中最有影响力的部分的强烈反对。1909年建立远东定居委员会和组织阿穆尔河远征的决定是一种妥协，并不是P. a .斯托雷平最初计划所预先决定的。
{"title":"The Amur Expedition and the Committee for the Settlement of the Far East in the Agenda of the Russian Council of Ministers under P. A. Stolypin","authors":"D. Yanchenko","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2023.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.104","url":null,"abstract":"The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War forced the Russian authorities to change their strategy: instead of territorial expansion, the main task was to settle the Russian-speaking population in the Russian Far East and to ensure the border area security. For this purpose, large infrastructure projects were financed from the state budget during the interwar period. One of the most famous was the Amur railroad, the construction of which, as in the case with the Trans-Siberian Railway, significantly accelerated the colonization of the vast but sparsely populated territories of the Amur Region. In official publications and government discussions, the role of the road was associated not only with the achievement of military and strategic goals, but also with the economic development of Siberia and the Far East as a whole. At the same time, the establishment of a coordinating center for Far Eastern colonization became urgent in view of a large-scale attempt to solve the agrarian question in Central Russia. Participation of the members of the unified Government — the Council of Ministers — in the development of these measures implied taking into account all inter-agency interests. At the end of 1908, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers could only formulate general wishes on the organization of theoretical (scientific work) and practical (resettlement) aspects in the Far East. These proposals did not consider the specifics of lawmaking in the Duma monarchy. Attempts of the Main Administration for Land Management and Agriculture headed by A. V. Krivoshein to monopolize the subject of resettlement encountered sharp opposition from the most influential part of the government. The decision taken in 1909 to establish the Committee on the settlement of the Far East and to organize the Amur expedition was a compromise which was not predetermined by P. A. Stolypin’s original plans.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.202
S. D. Belov
The article examines the activities of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk military-industrial committee in 1915– 1917. Close attention to the object of study is determined by the fact that Ivanovo-Voznesensk was the center of the largest textile region in Russia, and the local military-industrial committee united enterprises with a total number of more than 30 thousand workers. On the basis of the analysis of the archival documents of the committee, the author comes to the conclusion that the sole direction of its activity was the supply of the army with military equipment: the production of grenade and shell cases, and the production of asphyxiant gas. For this, special enterprises (shell and phosgene plants) were founded, generously financed by the members of the Committee. They regularly carried out deliveries for the military department. On the other hand, the local textile enterprises, which fulfilled large defense orders for the supply of fabrics, found themselves outside the sphere of influence of the military-industrial committee. All factories received orders and reported on them independently. Based on this, the thesis is confirmed that the military-industrial committees were not monopolists in the distribution of military orders. Even the attempts of local manufacturers, with the help of the military-industrial committee, to ensure the allocation of additional labor, raw materials, fuel and equipment were not very successful. As a result, no more than 40 % of the capacities of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk textile industry were mobilized for “defense production”. In addition, there is absolutely no trace of the role of the local military-industrial committee in the political organization of the bourgeoisie in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. This can be attributed to the fact that, on the one hand, the committee solved mainly economic problems, and, on the other hand — that the local bourgeoisie had other economic and political organizations that had operated long before the committee was created.
{"title":"Ivanovo-Voznesensk War Industry Committee in 1915–1917: Problems and Achievements","authors":"S. D. Belov","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2023.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.202","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the activities of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk military-industrial committee in 1915– 1917. Close attention to the object of study is determined by the fact that Ivanovo-Voznesensk was the center of the largest textile region in Russia, and the local military-industrial committee united enterprises with a total number of more than 30 thousand workers. On the basis of the analysis of the archival documents of the committee, the author comes to the conclusion that the sole direction of its activity was the supply of the army with military equipment: the production of grenade and shell cases, and the production of asphyxiant gas. For this, special enterprises (shell and phosgene plants) were founded, generously financed by the members of the Committee. They regularly carried out deliveries for the military department. On the other hand, the local textile enterprises, which fulfilled large defense orders for the supply of fabrics, found themselves outside the sphere of influence of the military-industrial committee. All factories received orders and reported on them independently. Based on this, the thesis is confirmed that the military-industrial committees were not monopolists in the distribution of military orders. Even the attempts of local manufacturers, with the help of the military-industrial committee, to ensure the allocation of additional labor, raw materials, fuel and equipment were not very successful. As a result, no more than 40 % of the capacities of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk textile industry were mobilized for “defense production”. In addition, there is absolutely no trace of the role of the local military-industrial committee in the political organization of the bourgeoisie in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. This can be attributed to the fact that, on the one hand, the committee solved mainly economic problems, and, on the other hand — that the local bourgeoisie had other economic and political organizations that had operated long before the committee was created.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67790332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.203
N. V. Karushkina
By the end of March 1917, 20 out of 65 members of the Romanov Imperial House gathered on the estates Ai-Todor, Diul’ber, and Chair near Yalta in the Crimea. There were among them: a widow of Alexander III Maria Fedorovna; sisters of Nicholas II Xenia and Olga; Grand Dukes Nicholas Nikolaevich, Alexander Mikhailovich, Peter Nikolaevich. On April 26, 1917, representatives of the Sevastopol Soviet, with the support of the forces of the Black Sea Fleet, conducted massive searches in the places of residence of the relatives of the former tsar in order to identify a possible counter-revolutionary conspiracy. On the basis of the published sources, as well as previously unused materials from the Russian State Archive of the Navy, including inspection protocols, the article reconstructs the circumstances of this only search of the Romanovs in the Crimea. The names of the main participants in the events are restored, the key role of Lieutenant Colonel A. I. Verkhovsky is described, who at that time was a deputy chairman of the Sevastopol Soviet. A. I. Verkhovsky has been underestimated until now as a participant in the revolutionary events in Russia between the February and October revolutions. At the end of August 1917, he became the last Minister of War of the Russian Empire in the rank of Major General. The search in estates on the southern coast ended with the Sevastopol City Council taking charge of the protection of the “Crimean group of the Romanovs”. Afterwards, despite the fact that the Red Terror did not bypass the Crimean peninsula, Sevastopol sailors and representatives of local Councils helped save the lives of the relatives of the former tsar who ended up in the Crimea. All of them emigrated in 1919.
到1917年3月底，罗曼诺夫皇室的65名成员中有20人聚集在克里米亚雅尔塔附近的艾托多尔，迪乌尔贝尔和椅子庄园。其中有:亚历山大三世的遗孀玛丽亚·费多罗夫娜;尼古拉二世的姐妹谢尼亚和奥尔加;大公尼古拉斯·尼古拉耶维奇亚历山大·米哈伊洛维奇彼得·尼古拉耶维奇1917年4月26日，塞瓦斯托波尔苏维埃的代表在黑海舰队的支持下，对前沙皇亲属的住所进行了大规模搜查，以查明可能存在的反革命阴谋。根据已公布的消息来源，以及俄罗斯海军国家档案馆以前未使用的材料，包括检查协议，本文重建了克里米亚罗曼诺夫号唯一一次搜索的情况。事件中主要参与者的名字被还原，a . I. Verkhovsky中校的关键角色被描述，他当时是塞瓦斯托波尔苏维埃的副主席。a·i·维尔霍夫斯基作为俄国二月革命和十月革命之间革命事件的参与者，迄今为止一直被低估。1917年8月底，他以少将军衔成为俄国帝国最后一位战争部长。对南部海岸庄园的搜查以塞瓦斯托波尔市议会(Sevastopol City Council)负责保护“罗曼诺夫家族的克里米亚集团”而告终。之后，尽管红色恐怖没有绕过克里米亚半岛，但塞瓦斯托波尔的水手和地方议会的代表帮助挽救了最终在克里米亚的前沙皇亲属的生命。他们都是在1919年移民的。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.105
D. I. Petin
The publication is a study into the life and professional path of Lieutenant Colonel P. N. Velizhanin — a regular officer, a participant of the First World War, decorated by six orders, who consecutively served in the Russian Imperial and White armies, and then in Soviet institutions. His biography, which has not been previously presented in the scholarship, vividly reflects the collisions of the era of social cataclysms. The research has been carried out on the basis of the theory of social adaptation, the anthropological approach and the historical and biographical methods as a methodological basis defining its genre. The article considers the issue presented in the article in connection with the historiography of the problem. The basis for the study was a complex of unpublished sources of an official nature discovered by the author in the funds of the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region and the archive of the Office of the Federal Security Service of Russia in the Omsk Region, among which of most significance were the track record of P. N. Velizhanin for 1919; Soviet questionnaires; investigative documents of the Cheka; materials of departmental office work related to military and special (Chekist) registration of the subject of the study in the 1920s. As a result, a controversial biography of P. N. Velizhanin is reconstructed with the highest level of detail. The conclusion emphasizes this officer’s relatively successful social adaptation in Soviet Omsk, whose military (and anti-Bolshevik) biography was complemented by the leadership of military penitentiary institutions. The publication may be of interest to a wide range of readers — to researchers into Russian military history, into Russian special services, into the Soviet society, into the repressive policy of the Soviet state, as well as to specialists in the field of practical genealogy.
这本书是对p.n. Velizhanin中校的生活和职业道路的研究。Velizhanin中校是一名正规军官，参加了第一次世界大战，获得了六项勋章，先后在俄罗斯帝国军队和白军服役，然后在苏联机构服役。他的传记以前从未在学术上发表过，它生动地反映了社会灾难时代的碰撞。该研究以社会适应理论、人类学方法和历史传记方法为方法论基础，确定了其类型。文章将文章中提出的问题与问题的史学联系起来考虑。这项研究的基础是作者在鄂木斯克州历史档案馆和鄂木斯克州俄罗斯联邦安全局办公室档案馆的资金中发现的一系列未发表的官方资料，其中最重要的是P. N. Velizhanin 1919年的记录;苏联的调查问卷;契卡的调查文件;资料系办公室工作中有关军事和特种(契金)登记的课题在20世纪20年代的研究。因此，一部备受争议的p·n·维利扎宁传记被以最高的细节重建。结论强调了这位军官在苏联鄂木斯克相对成功的社会适应，他的军事(和反布尔什维克)传记得到了军事监狱机构领导的补充。这本书可能会引起广泛读者的兴趣，包括研究俄罗斯军事史、俄罗斯特种部队、苏联社会、苏联国家镇压政策的研究人员，以及实用谱系学领域的专家。
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