Dual organ transplantation: when heart alone is not enough.

Purpose of review: The number of dual organ transplantations (DOT) are steadily increasing over the past few years. This is both a reflection of increasing complexity and advanced disease process in the patients and greater transplant center experience with performing dual organ transplants. Due to lack of standardization of the process, there remains significant center-based variability in patient selection, perioperative and long-term management of these patients.

Recent findings: Overall posttransplant outcomes for DOT have been acceptable with some immunological advantages because of partial tolerance offered by the second organ. These achievements should, however, be balanced with the ethical implications of bypassing the patients who are listed for single organ transplantation because of the preferential allocation of organs for DOT.

Summary: The field of DOT is expanding rapidly, with good long-term outcomes. There is an urgent need for guidelines to standardize the process of patient selection and listing dual organ transplantation.