Nanoparticles containing boron and its compounds—synthesis and applications: A review

Nanomaterials have already contributed to many innovative products in the consumer markets. Constant efforts are directed at attaining unique morphologies and reduction in size. Exponential growth in research is thus involved in the synthesis of the novel nanomaterials. Boron and its compounds with distinct functional and structural properties find extensive usage in a variety of fields ranging from nuclear technology to electronics, ceramics, etc. Also, due to their non-toxicity, they are considered an attractive intermediate in the healthcare and cosmetic industry. The majority of reviews on boron and its compounds are focused on morphologies and the structure of the boron compound obtained. Here, we offer a comprehensive review of the unique properties of the major boron compounds: boron carbide (B4C), boron nitride (BN), and heterostructures with metals and organic compounds. In each section, we also describe the subsequent synthesis routes and the challenges associated with them. We have also summarized the various morphologies and shapes reported to be associated with boron and its compounds. In recent years, however, primary research on boron nanoparticle (BNP) has focused on non-toxic/greener and energy-efficient synthesis routes. The usage and production of pure BNPs in the industry are very scarce and are often associated with nanoclusters of boron and other elements. The intricate structural design and low purity of the nanoproducts formed make BNP synthesis challenging. Thus, in the last section, we summarize the challenges and outlook of the current research with future prospects in the area of BNP research.