Social and Labor Adaptation of Rural Population in the Conditions of Institutional Transformation of the Russian Village

The purpose of this work is to search for empirical evidence of the process of crystallization of new entrepreneurial layers in the changed institutional and socio-cultural environment of the Russian countryside. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of sectoral employment in the agricultural labor market in all Federal Districts, are considered the mechanisms of adaptation of the rural population to the market economy, which led to the destruction of agricultural enterprises, the emergence of capitalist forms of production and new labor practices – employment in the informal sector, are considered. The information base consisted of data from large-scale panel studies of Rosstat 2012–2021 and the All-Russian Agricultural Censuses of 2006, 2016, 2021, as well as research practice in the regions of the Russian Federation. It was revealed that the share of employed both in general and in regional agricultural markets is decreasing with the growth of economic development, the acceleration of urbanization, the legalization of informal employment, the presence of agricultural producers with advanced technologies, as well as large networks in the service sector in large settlements. Using the example of interdependent processes of reduction of farms and the growth of land and agricultural production, they show how farmers with professional management experience, introducing innovative technologies and techniques, applying new business models in the economy managed to resist and become structures for the modernization of production in the regions. Thus, the results of the study demonstrated the technology of crystallization and formation of new entrepreneurial layers in the socio-structural processes of the Russian countryside.