[Exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields and pregnancy outcome: a review of the literature with particular attention to exposure to video terminals].

Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) is very common and concern about its harmful effects has been raised. Video display terminals (VDT) in the office are among the most important sources of exposure. Animal studies have shown adverse effects on reproduction, but the role of EMF in human reproduction is not clear. Twelve papers considering the effects of VDT and other EMF exposure on pregnancy outcome are reviewed. Concerning VDT exposure, the pooled OR for spontaneous abortion was 1.0 (95% Confidence Interval, CI, 0.9-1.0). There was no significative trend in risk with exposure intensity. No significative risk emerged for low birth weight nor for congenital malformations. Regarding other sources of EMF (electric blankets, heated waterbeds, ceiling cable electric heat and power lines), some studies have suggested that spontaneous abortion, growth retardation and congenital defects are more frequent during the coldest month of the year (when the exposure to these EMF would have been higher). However, data on the issue are scanty.