Trade-off analyses and synthetic integrated method of multiple ecosystem services

： Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. Research on ecosystem services has been a hotpot in the fields of ecology, geography and environmental sciences since 1990s. Towards a better understanding of ecosystem services and a strengthened linkage between science and policy ， Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services （ IPBES ） was established officially by the United Nations General Assembly in 2012. To date ， IPBES has built a conceptual framework for assessment of ecosystem services ， and determined the main tasks ， including three rapid assessments and two assessments for policy decision. To provide insights into the main tasks ， we synthesized trade-off analyses and synthetic integrated method of multiple ecosystem services ， and took the Loess Plateau as a case to identify the potential and effectiveness of the above method. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between land use and soil conservation ， carbon sequestration ， while there was a negative relationship between land use and water yield. In addition ， the grain productive capacity was closely related to agricultural production condition ， artificial input and technical progress. As trade-off and synergy among the multiple ecosystem services are scale-dependent, more research should be carried out in the aspects of regional suitability assessment of vegetation restoration and water effect.