An overview of the toxic effects and mechanisms of Zearalenone, Aflatoxins, and Deoxynivalenol on intestinal integrity damage in humans and animals: A comprehensive review

Mycotoxins are known to cause contamination in food crops and animal feeds. Their existence in food sources has caused several health disorders. The intestine is the first line of defense against ingested mycotoxins. Numerous studies have reported that mycotoxins impair effective digestion and absorption of nutrients in the intestinal structure, as well as affect the health and integrity of several animal species. However, the direct effect of many specific mycotoxins on the intestinal integrity factors such as the tight junction protein and gut microbiota has not been fully described. The impairment of the barrier function results in increased translocation of luminal antigens and pathogens and excessive activation of the immune system. Therefore, this review aims to provide a summary of the current evidence regarding the direct effects and mechanisms of Zearalenone, Aflatoxins, and Deoxynivalenol on intestinal integrity, focusing on epithelial cells, tight junction proteins and gut microbiota as main contributors to the development of therapeutic strategies to reduce or eliminate the harmful effects caused by mycotoxins in the intestine and targeted organs (such as liver and kidney) in the humans and animals.