革命前俄国选举社会学的史前史:跨学科分析的经验

Oleg Kazhanov
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摘要

本文论述了19世纪末20世纪初革命前俄国社会选举研究的兴起过程。作者采用跨学科的方法,试图将理解选举行为现象的科学兴趣的出现与有关科学学科- -法学和政治学- -对选举制度的研究联系起来。结论是,这种研究的实践导致这些科学的代表提出了在传统方法论方向框架内难以解决的选举选择问题。对理论和经验层面的社会学方法的呼吁,使对选举问题的研究有可能取得进展,并使研究人员产生了将其部分划分为专门科学研究领域的想法。本文分析了社会选举研究形成的主要阶段:从研究选举行为的第一次尝试,以解决理解选举制度方面的法律和政治问题,到创建一门特殊的社会学学科的想法的出现,在这门学科中应该考虑选举选择现象。强调了革命前俄国科学家的启发式猜测,这预示了20世纪选举社会学的许多研究领域。本文分析了首先在科学和社会学工作实践中得到检验的经验选举研究方法。值得注意的是,在革命前的俄罗斯,无论是选举制度的发展水平,还是社会学研究的科学方法论和方法的水平,都无助于形成一门特殊的科学学科-选举社会学,而随后在该国发生的政治事件在很长一段历史时间内阻碍了这一进程。
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Prehistory of electoral sociology in pre-revolutionary Russia: an experience of interdisciplinary analysis
The article discusses the process of the emergence of socio-electoral research in pre-revolutionary Russia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the authors make an attempt to link the emergence of scientific interest in understanding the phenomenon of electoral behaviour with the study of the institution of elections in related scientific disciplines – jurisprudence and political science. It is concluded that the practice of this kind of research led representatives of these sciences to formulate the problem of electoral choice, that was rather difficult to solve within the framework of traditional methodological directions. The appeal to sociological approaches of the theoretical and empirical levels made it possible to advance in the study of electoral issues and led researchers to the idea of separating its part into the area of special scientific research. The main stages of the formation of socio-electoral research are analysed: from the first attempts to study electoral behaviour in order to solve legal and political problems in the aspect of understanding the institution of elections to the emergence of the idea of creating a special sociological discipline, within which the phenomenon of electoral choice should be considered. The heuristic guesses of scientists of pre-revolutionary Russia are highlighted, that anticipated a number of research areas in the electoral sociology of the twentieth century. The methods of empirical electoral research, that were first tested in the practice of scientific and sociological work, are analysed. It is noted that neither the level of development of the institution of elections, nor the level of scientific methodology and methods of sociological research in pre-revolutionary Russia contributed to the formation of a special scientific discipline - electoral sociology, and subsequent political events in the country blocked this process for a long historical time.
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