4D Printing to Develop Egyptian Printing, Packaging and Advertising Sectors

3D printing has been recognized as a disruptive technology for future advanced manufacturing systems. With a great potential, to change everything from our daily lives to the global economy, significant advances in 3D printing technology have been made with respect to materials, printers, and processes. In this context, although similar to 3D printing technology, 4D printing technology adds the fourth dimension of time. 4D printing allows a printed structure to change its form or function with time in response to stimuli such as pressure, temperature, wind, water, and light. Recently, rapid advances in printing processes and materials development for 3D printing have allowed the printing of smart materials or multi materials designed to change function or shape. This paper attempts to go beyond existing capabilities in 4D printing to create precise and universal folding techniques that approach a wider range of applications through a series of radically new physical models. I look into the main factors composing 4D printing technology such as smart materials and designs, then in compare the similarities and differences between 3D printing and 4D printing.