Recent synthetic and biological aspects of 1, 4-dihydro pyridine derivatives

Among the large variety of organic compounds, heterocycles are interesting compounds widely occurring in nature, showing biological activities. Dihydropyridine (DHP) is a privileged scaffold having nitrogen in a six-membered cyclic ring as a central moiety. DHP is a significant compound studied in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology activities. Therefore, organic chemists have made considerable efforts to create new drug candidates with DHP subunits associated with a known or possible pharmacophore. The Hantzsch is a well-studied synthesis of DHP and pyridines and is currently one of the reliable approaches for preparing various DHP derivatives along with new approaches. The most recent studies on diverse synthesis methods for DHP derivatives during the preceding years were highlighted in this study. The main objective of this review is to discuss various approaches for synthesizing dihydropyridine derivatives and documented rife literature on the different pharmacological applications of these versatile scaffold. The supreme importance is given to 1, 4 DHP in the survey according to their pharmacological activity.